When they lived

St. Cloud, a revered and enigmatic figure of the Catholic Church, lived during the 6th century AD. Born in the year 522, his life spanned a period of great historical significance, filled with turbulent events and remarkable developments.

Where they lived

St. Cloud’s origins lie in the region of Aquitaine, France, which was renowned for its picturesque landscapes and rich cultural heritage. The lush greenery and serene rivers of Aquitaine would later become symbolic of the saint’s connection with nature and the divine.

Notable world events during the time of their life

1. The Plague of Justinian (541-542): In the early years of St. Cloud’s life, a devastating pandemic, known as the Plague of Justinian, swept through the Byzantine Empire and surrounding regions. This deadly outbreak had a profound impact on the population and shaped the course of history for generations to come.
2. The Hagia Sophia’s Construction (532-537): As St. Cloud matured into adulthood, the iconic Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) was completed. This magnificent architectural masterpiece would later become a symbol of religious harmony, showcasing the Byzantine Empire’s grandeur and cultural influence.
3. The Codex Justinianus (529-534): During St. Cloud’s lifetime, the Roman Emperor Justinian I compiled the Codex Justinianus, a pivotal legal code that helped consolidate Roman laws. This landmark legal reform laid the foundation for modern legal systems worldwide.
4. The Founding of Buddhism in Japan (552 AD): St. Cloud’s era also witnessed the introduction of Buddhism to Japan, marking a significant cultural exchange between the Asian continent and the island nation. This event would shape Japan’s spiritual landscape and influence its artistic expressions.
5. The Life of Prophet Muhammad (570-632 AD): Overlapping with the later years of St. Cloud’s life, the birth and life of Prophet Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula would lead to the emergence of Islam, a religion that would go on to shape the lives of millions and significantly impact world history.

Early Life

St. Cloud, also known as St. Clodoald, was born into the tumultuous world of 6th century Frankish royalty. His life, which began in 522 AD, was marked by tragedy and profound spiritual transformation from its earliest days.

Born as a prince, St. Cloud was the son of King Chlodomer of Orléans and his wife Guntheuc. His royal lineage was impressive; he was the grandson of Clovis I, the founder of the Merovingian dynasty that would rule the Franks for nearly three centuries. However, the young prince’s life was soon overshadowed by loss and political turmoil.

In 524 AD, when St. Cloud was merely two years old, his father King Chlodomer was killed in battle against the Burgundians. This event, recorded by the contemporary historian Gregory of Tours in his “Historia Francorum,” marked the beginning of a perilous period for the young prince and his brothers.

Following their father’s death, St. Cloud and his two brothers, Theudovald and Gunthar, were placed under the care of their grandmother, Saint Clotilde. This arrangement, while seemingly secure, was fraught with danger. The boys’ uncles, Childebert I and Chlothar I, saw the young princes as potential rivals for the throne of Orléans.

In a shocking turn of events, also recorded by Gregory of Tours, Childebert and Chlothar attempted to assassinate their young nephews in 524 AD. While his brothers fell victim to this brutal power play, the young St. Cloud managed to escape. Sources suggest that he sought refuge with Saint Remigius, the influential Bishop of Reims.

During this period of hiding and uncertainty, St. Cloud received his early religious education. He was guided by Saint Severinus, a hermit near Paris, who likely played a crucial role in shaping the young prince’s spiritual outlook. This time of study and reflection seems to have deeply influenced St. Cloud, setting the stage for his later decisions.

The defining moment of St. Cloud’s early life came when he was twenty years old. In a public ceremony that symbolized a complete break with his royal past, St. Cloud officially renounced his claims to the throne and declared his intention to become a monk. This event, while not extensively documented in contemporary sources, is consistently mentioned in later hagiographies and religious texts.

One of the most vivid details of this ceremony, recounted in later traditions, was the cutting of St. Cloud’s long hair. In Frankish culture, as noted by historian J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, long hair was a symbol of royal status. By cutting his hair, St. Cloud was making a powerful statement about his rejection of worldly power in favor of a spiritual path.

It’s important to note that while these events form the traditional narrative of St. Cloud’s early life, many details come from sources written centuries after his death. The broad strokes of his story – his royal birth, the loss of his father, the threat from his uncles, and his choice of a religious life – are consistently reported. However, the specific details and motivations often reflect later interpretations and religious traditions rather than contemporary accounts.

What emerges from these sources is a picture of a young man who, despite being born into the highest echelons of Frankish society, chose a path of religious devotion over political power. This decision would shape the rest of St. Cloud’s life and cement his place in religious history.

Life as a Hermit and Priest

Following his renunciation of royal claims, St. Cloud embraced a life of religious devotion. According to Alban Butler’s “Lives of the Saints,” Cloud sought solitude and spiritual growth, becoming a disciple of St. Severinus of Paris.

At the age of 20, Cloud left Paris to find deeper solitude in the forest. This period of his life is marked by accounts of miracles and healing, though it’s important to note that these stories, while central to his hagiography, are difficult to verify historically.

In 551 AD, at the age of 29, Cloud was ordained as a priest by Eusebius, Bishop of Paris. This event marked a new chapter in his life, shifting from solitary contemplation to active ministry.

Pastoral Work and Community Building

As a priest, Cloud served a small village in Nogent (now known as Saint-Cloud), located near Paris. Here, he gained a reputation for his pastoral care, preaching, and continued acts of charity.

Historical records, including local church documents, suggest that Cloud’s uncles eventually reconciled with him, restoring his inheritance. True to his vows of poverty, Cloud used this wealth to benefit his community. He is credited with founding a religious community attached to a church he built in honor of St. Martin of Tours.

Death and Veneration

According to tradition, St. Cloud accurately predicted the date of his own death, which occurred on September 7, 560 AD, at the age of 38. He was buried in the church he had founded in Nogent, which later became a place of pilgrimage.

Legacy and Patronage

St. Cloud’s feast day is celebrated on September 7th. Over time, he became associated with various patronages:

• Patron saint of nail makers
• Protector of the Diocese of Saint Cloud, Minnesota (established in 1889)

The reasons for these associations are not always clear in historical records and may be the result of later traditions.

St. Cloud is also recognized as the patron saint of brewers, winemakers, and exiles. His connection to these groups is rooted in legends and traditions that developed over centuries:

• As patron of brewers and winemakers, St. Cloud is said to have possessed the ability to turn water into wine during his time as a hermit, echoing the miracle of Jesus at Cana.
• His patronage of exiles likely stems from his own experiences of fleeing from danger and choosing a life away from his royal origins.

Conclusion

St. Cloud’s life story, transitioning from royal heir to humble priest, continues to inspire many. While separating historical fact from later legend can be challenging, the core narrative of his devotion and service remains powerful. His legacy serves as a testament to the enduring impact one individual’s choices can have across centuries.

Sources

1. Gregory of Tours. “Historia Francorum”, 6th century.
2. Butler, Alban. “The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints”, 1866.
3. Farmer, David Hugh. “The Oxford Dictionary of Saints”, Oxford University Press, 2011.
4. Wallace-Hadrill, J.M. “The Long-Haired Kings”, University of Toronto Press, 1982.
5. McNamara, Jo Ann and John E. Halborg. “Sainted Women of the Dark Ages”, Duke University Press, 1992.

Note: While these sources provide valuable information, it’s important to approach hagiographies and medieval accounts with critical analysis, as they often blend historical facts with religious traditions and legends.

In the annals of modern sainthood, few figures loom as large as St. Teresa of Calcutta, commonly known as Mother Teresa. Her life of service to the poorest of the poor inspired millions worldwide. Yet, beneath her unwavering devotion lay a profound spiritual journey marked by what mystics call the “Dark Night of the Soul.” This blog post explores Mother Teresa’s transformative “call within a call,” the struggles she faced in answering it, and the controversies that surrounded her work.

The Dark Night: A Prelude

Before delving into Mother Teresa’s story, it’s crucial to understand the concept of the “Dark Night of the Soul,” articulated by the 16th-century Spanish mystic, St. John of the Cross. This spiritual experience describes a period of intense spiritual dryness, doubt, and perceived abandonment by God. Paradoxically, it’s often seen as a sign of spiritual growth, a purification of the soul drawing it closer to divine union.

With this framework in mind, we can better appreciate the depth and complexity of Mother Teresa’s spiritual journey.

Early Life and Initial Call

Born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu on August 26, 1910, in Skopje (now North Macedonia), the future Mother Teresa felt drawn to religious life from a young age. At 18, she joined the Sisters of Loreto in Ireland, taking the name Sister Mary Teresa after St. Thérèse of Lisieux. In 1929, she arrived in India, where she would teach at St. Mary’s High School in Calcutta for nearly two decades.

The Call Within a Call

On September 10, 1946, during a train ride to Darjeeling for her annual retreat, Sister Teresa experienced what she would later describe as her “call within a call.” In a series of mystical encounters, she felt Jesus asking her to establish a new religious community dedicated to serving the poorest of the poor.

This profound experience marked the beginning of a new chapter in her life, but it also heralded the onset of her own “Dark Night.” The clarity and fervor of this divine call would soon be juxtaposed against years of spiritual aridity and doubt.

The Struggle to Answer the Call

Mother Teresa’s journey to answer her “call within a call” was far from straightforward. The period between her mystical experience on September 10, 1946, and her eventual departure from the Loreto convent on August 17, 1948, was filled with doubt, bureaucratic hurdles, and personal challenges. This two-year struggle tested her resolve and deepened her commitment to her newfound mission.

1. Seeking Ecclesiastical Approval

One of the most significant obstacles Mother Teresa faced was obtaining permission from the Church hierarchy to pursue her new calling. The process was lengthy and complex:

• Initial Hesitation: When Mother Teresa first approached her local superiors with her vision, she was met with skepticism. The idea of a nun leaving her secure convent to work in the slums was unprecedented and risky.
• Writing to the Archbishop: Undeterred, Mother Teresa wrote to Archbishop Ferdinand Périer of Calcutta, explaining her calling. The Archbishop, while intrigued, was cautious and advised her to pray and reflect further.
• Spiritual Direction: Mother Teresa sought guidance from Father Celeste Van Exem, her spiritual director. He helped her articulate her vision and supported her through the discernment process.
• Persistence and Prayer: For months, Mother Teresa continued to write letters, meet with Church officials, and pray for guidance. She had to balance her conviction with obedience to Church authority.
• Psychological Evaluation: The Archbishop, concerned about the authenticity of her visions, requested that Mother Teresa undergo a psychological evaluation to ensure her mental stability.
• Final Approval: After nearly two years of deliberation, Archbishop Périer finally granted Mother Teresa permission to petition Rome for an indult of exclaustration, which would allow her to leave the Loreto convent while maintaining her vows.

2. Leaving Loreto

The decision to leave the Loreto convent, where she had spent 20 happy years, was emotionally challenging for Mother Teresa:

• Emotional Ties: Mother Teresa had formed deep bonds with her fellow sisters and students. Leaving meant saying goodbye to her comfortable life and the community she loved.
• Fear and Uncertainty: The prospect of leaving the security of the convent for the unknown challenges of the slums was daunting. Mother Teresa had to confront her fears and trust in her calling.
• Identity Crisis: Changing from the Loreto habit to a simple sari represented a profound shift in identity. Mother Teresa had to redefine herself and her role in the world.
• Misunderstanding from Peers: Not all of her fellow sisters understood or supported her decision. Some viewed it as a rejection of their way of life, leading to strained relationships.

3. Practical Challenges

Once she received permission to leave, Mother Teresa faced numerous practical obstacles:

• Lack of Resources: She left the convent with just five rupees and no clear plan for sustenance. Her faith was tested as she had to rely entirely on Providence.
• Finding Shelter: Initially, Mother Teresa stayed with the Little Sisters of the Poor, as she had nowhere else to go. Finding a permanent place to live and work from was a significant challenge.
• Health Concerns: The transition from the relatively protected environment of the convent to the unsanitary conditions of the slums posed serious health risks. Mother Teresa had to adapt quickly to her new surroundings.
• Learning New Skills: To serve effectively, Mother Teresa had to learn basic medical skills. She underwent training in nursing at the American Medical Missionary Sisters in Patna.
• Navigating Bureaucracy: Establishing a new religious order involved complex legal and ecclesiastical procedures. Mother Teresa had to learn to navigate these systems while staying true to her mission.

4. Spiritual Desolation

Perhaps the most profound struggle Mother Teresa faced was an intense spiritual dryness that began almost as soon as she started her new mission:

• Loss of Consolation: The vivid spiritual experiences that had characterized her calling were replaced by a sense of God’s absence. This spiritual darkness was particularly challenging as she embarked on her new, difficult mission.
• Crisis of Faith: Mother Teresa began to experience doubts about her calling and even about the existence of God. These doubts would persist for nearly five decades, making her work an continual act of faith.
• Loneliness: The spiritual struggles, combined with her separation from her former community, led to intense feelings of loneliness and isolation.
• Perseverance in Darkness: Despite the lack of spiritual consolation, Mother Teresa persevered in her work. This perseverance in the face of spiritual darkness became a hallmark of her faith journey.

5. Cultural and Social Challenges

Working in the slums of Calcutta presented its own set of challenges:

• Language Barrier: Although Mother Teresa spoke Bengali, the dialects used in the slums were often different, requiring her to adapt and learn.
• Cultural Differences: As a European woman working in Indian slums, Mother Teresa had to navigate complex cultural dynamics and earn the trust of the communities she sought to serve.
• Opposition from Some Locals: Not everyone welcomed her presence. Some saw her work as unwanted interference or were suspicious of her motives.
• Gender Issues: As a woman in a patriarchal society, Mother Teresa faced additional challenges in establishing her authority and carrying out her work.

Despite these numerous and varied challenges, Mother Teresa remained steadfast in her commitment to answering her “call within a call.” Her perseverance through these struggles laid the foundation for the worldwide mission of the Missionaries of Charity and solidified her reputation as a woman of extraordinary faith and determination.

The Missionaries of Charity and Expanding Work

By 1950, Mother Teresa had received Vatican approval to establish the Missionaries of Charity. The order grew rapidly, attracting both local and international recruits. Their mission expanded from Calcutta to other parts of India and eventually to countries around the world.

As the order grew, so did Mother Teresa’s reputation. She became a global symbol of compassion, receiving numerous awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. Yet, even as her external work flourished, her internal spiritual life remained in darkness.

The Hidden Darkness

Mother Teresa’s posthumously published letters revealed a startling truth: for nearly 50 years, she experienced a profound sense of God’s absence. In one letter, she wrote:

“Where is my faith? Even deep down… there is nothing but emptiness and darkness… If there be God—please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.”

This revelation shocked many who had seen Mother Teresa as a paragon of unwavering faith. Yet, it also provided a profound testimony to her commitment. Despite feeling spiritually abandoned, she continued to serve, to love, and to work tirelessly for those in need.

Understanding the Darkness

Mother Teresa’s spiritual struggles can be understood through the lens of the “Dark Night of the Soul.” This experience, far from being a loss of faith, is often interpreted as a deepening of it. By persevering in her work despite feeling God’s absence, Mother Teresa demonstrated a faith that transcended feelings and personal consolation.

Her darkness also aligned her more closely with those she served. Just as many of the poor felt abandoned by society, Mother Teresa felt a sense of abandonment by God. This shared experience of desolation perhaps deepened her empathy and commitment to her work.

Controversy and Criticism

Despite her widespread acclaim, Mother Teresa’s work has not been without its critics. Perhaps the most vocal among them was the late journalist and author Christopher Hitchens, who in 1995 wrote a book titled “The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice” and narrated a documentary called “Hell’s Angel.”

Hitchens’ main criticisms included:

1. Quality of Care: He argued that the medical care in Mother Teresa’s homes for the dying was substandard, focusing more on spiritual matters than physical comfort.
2. Financial Opacity: Hitchens questioned the use of the substantial donations received by the Missionaries of Charity, suggesting a lack of transparency.
3. Political Associations: He criticized Mother Teresa’s associations with controversial political figures and her acceptance of donations from questionable sources.
4. Glorification of Suffering: Hitchens argued that Mother Teresa saw beauty in the suffering of the poor rather than working to alleviate it.

In Defense of Mother Teresa

While these criticisms raise important points for discussion, they often overlook the core mission that drove Mother Teresa’s work: to love those who were unloved. Several key points should be considered:

1. Mission of Love: Mother Teresa’s primary goal was not to build state-of-the-art hospitals, but to ensure that those who were dying alone on the streets could do so with dignity and love. Her homes for the dying were meant to be places where the unloved could feel loved in their final moments.
2. Limited Resources: The Missionaries of Charity often worked in extremely challenging environments with limited resources. While the care provided might not have met Western medical standards, it was often far better than the alternative of dying alone on the streets.
3. Spiritual Focus: Mother Teresa believed that spiritual poverty in the developed world was as dire as material poverty elsewhere. Her focus on spiritual matters alongside physical care reflected this belief.
4. Personal Sacrifice: Mother Teresa and her sisters lived lives of extreme simplicity, sharing the poverty of those they served. This commitment to poverty could explain some of the perceived issues with the quality of care, as the sisters did not believe in luxuries for themselves or those they served.
5. Cultural Context: Some criticisms fail to consider the cultural and historical context of Calcutta and India during the time of Mother Teresa’s work. The standards of care and living conditions were vastly different from those in the West.

It’s important to note that Mother Teresa never claimed to be running a hospital or to be primarily focused on alleviating physical suffering. Her mission, as she often stated, was to care for “the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone.”

In this light, Mother Teresa’s work can be seen as a profound act of love and human dignity. She offered presence, compassion, and care to those who had been abandoned by society. While there may be valid criticisms of certain aspects of her work, they should not overshadow the immense impact she had in bringing attention to the plight of the poorest of the poor and in inspiring millions to acts of compassion and service.

Legacy and Lessons

Mother Teresa passed away on September 5, 1997, in Calcutta. She was beatified in 2003 and canonized as a saint on September 4, 2016. Her legacy continues through the work of the Missionaries of Charity and the millions she inspired worldwide.

The revelation of her spiritual struggles adds depth to her legacy, offering several profound lessons:

1. Faith transcends feelings: Mother Teresa’s perseverance despite her inner darkness demonstrates that true faith is an act of will, not a feeling.
2. Doubt is not the opposite of faith: Her experience shows that doubt and faith can coexist, and that wrestling with doubt can lead to deeper spiritual growth.
3. Service as a response to darkness: Mother Teresa’s response to her spiritual aridity was to pour herself more fully into service, finding meaning in action when consolation was absent.
4. The complexity of sainthood: Her struggles humanize her, reminding us that saints are not perfect beings, but humans who persevere in love despite their imperfections and struggles.

Conclusion

Mother Teresa’s life, centered around her response to the “call within a call,” offers a profound testimony to the power of faith and service. Her external work, marked by unwavering compassion for the poorest of the poor, stood in stark contrast to her internal spiritual struggles. This juxtaposition, far from diminishing her legacy, enriches it, offering a nuanced understanding of faith, doubt, and the pursuit of a divine calling.

The controversies surrounding her work remind us of the complexities inherent in humanitarian efforts and the challenges of serving in contexts of extreme poverty. They also highlight the importance of understanding the specific mission and context of such work before passing judgment.

In answering her “call within a call,” Mother Teresa not only changed the lives of countless individuals but also provided a powerful example of perseverance in the face of spiritual darkness and external criticism. Her life reminds us that true holiness is not about perfect feelings, unwavering certainty, or universal acclaim, but about loving and serving others even in our moments of deepest doubt and in the face of misunderstanding.

Mother Teresa’s legacy, with all its complexities, continues to challenge and inspire us to reach out to those who are unloved and forgotten in our own communities and around the world.

Five Interesting Facts About St. Teresa of Calcutta

1. St. Teresa of Calcutta was given prestigious awards, one of which
   was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 because of her humanitarian and holy
   acts.
2. St. Teresa of Calcutta is the patron saint of World Youth Day and of
   the Missionaries of Charity. She is also co-patron of the Archdiocese of
   Calcutta, alongside St. Francis Xavier.
3. St. Teresa of Calcutta was fluent in five languages: English, Hindi,
   Bengali, Albanian, and Serbian
4. St. Teresa of Calcutta authorized Navin Chawla to write her
   biography, and it was published in 1992.
5. St. Teresa of Calcutta was praised by pro-life organizations because
   of her anti-abortion stance, as well as criticisms from
   “abortion-rights” groups.

Prayer to St. Teresa

God, who called the virgin Saint Teresa to respond to the love of your Son thirsting on the Cross with outstanding charity to the poor, grant us, we beseech you, by her intercession, to minister to Christ in our suffering brothers and sisters. Through Christ our Lord. Amen.

St. Ingrid of Sweden, also known as Princess Ingrid Birgersdotter, was a remarkable figure who lived during the 13th century, passing away in 1282. Her life and legacy left an indelible mark on Swedish religious history, particularly within the Dominican tradition. This blog post explores her life, spirituality, and historical context in detail.

Early Life and Historical Context

Ingrid was born in Sweden to noble parents in the early 13th century. Her family belonged to the Elofssönernas ätt, part of the Swedish nobility. Her father was named Elof, and the family lived in Skänninge, a town in Östergötland, Sweden.

Ingrid’s life unfolded against the backdrop of a rapidly changing Europe. The 13th century saw significant developments in religious life, intellectual pursuits, and social structures. Some notable events and trends of her era included:

1. The Crusades: The latter part of the Crusades occurred during Ingrid’s lifetime, with the Seventh Crusade (1248-1254) and the Eighth Crusade (1270) taking place.
2. The Rise of Gothic Architecture: This period saw the construction of many great Gothic cathedrals across Europe.
3. The Mongol Empire: The expansion of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and his successors was reshaping much of Eurasia during this time.
4. The Founding of European Universities: Many of Europe’s oldest universities were established in the 13th century, including the University of Cambridge (1209) and the University of Salamanca (1218).

Marriage and Widowhood

As was customary for noblewomen in 13th-century Sweden, Ingrid married young. However, her husband died shortly after their marriage, leaving Ingrid a young widow. This experience of widowhood would profoundly shape her spiritual journey and future life choices.

The Social Context of Widowhood in Medieval Sweden

In 13th-century Scandinavian society, widowhood presented both challenges and opportunities for women:

1. Legal Status: Swedish law granted widows significant legal rights. The Older Västgötalagen (West Geatish Law), one of the oldest Swedish provincial laws, stipulated that widows had the right to manage their own property and affairs.
2. Social Expectations: Widows, especially those from noble families like Ingrid, were often expected to remarry to maintain familial alliances. Choosing a religious life was a significant departure from societal norms.
3. Economic Considerations: Widows who did not remarry or enter religious life could face economic hardship, despite legal protections.

Ingrid’s Response to Widowhood

Ingrid’s response to her husband’s death was shaped by both her personal faith and the religious climate of her time:

1. Grief and Contemplation: While we don’t have personal accounts, it’s likely that Ingrid entered a period of intense grief and contemplation, aligning with medieval Christian practices of mourning.
2. Rejection of Remarriage: By choosing not to remarry, Ingrid rejected the conventional path for widowed noblewomen.
3. Pilgrimage: Ingrid embarked on pilgrimages to the Holy Land, Rome, and Santiago de Compostela. These journeys served as acts of penance and devotion, a means of seeking divine guidance, and a way to physically distance herself from her former life.
4. Almsgiving: Ingrid began to give away her wealth and worldly possessions, a radical act of charity reminiscent of other saintly widows like St. Elizabeth of Hungary.

Spiritual Journey and Dominican Life

During this tumultuous period, Ingrid’s relationship with her spiritual director, the Dominican friar Peter of Dacia, was crucial. Peter, known for his mystical writings and his association with the German mystic Christina of Stommeln, likely introduced Ingrid to Dominican spirituality.

Ingrid’s transition from widow to religious was not immediate. Historical records suggest a period of discernment that lasted several years. Eventually, she felt called to join the Dominican Order, a significant decision given that the Order of Preachers was still relatively new, having been founded by St. Dominic in 1216.

Establishing Skänninge Abbey

Under Peter of Dacia’s guidance, Ingrid, her sister, and other pious women formed an informal community of religious women. Eventually, Ingrid sought formal recognition for her convent, St. Martin’s, also known as Skänninge Abbey. She received this recognition one year before her death in 1282.

The establishment of this convent was a significant achievement. It was the first Dominican convent for women in Sweden, paving the way for women to participate in the intellectual and spiritual life of the Order. Ingrid likely faced numerous challenges in this endeavor, including securing funding, obtaining ecclesiastical approval, and adapting the Dominican rule for a female community.

Ingrid’s Dominican Spirituality

As a Dominican, Ingrid’s spirituality would have been characterized by several key elements:

1. Contemplation and Action: The Dominican charism emphasizes a balance between contemplative prayer and active ministry.
2. Intellectual Pursuit: Dominicans are known for their commitment to study. Ingrid would have dedicated herself to learning about theology, scripture, and the writings of the Church Fathers.
3. Preaching and Teaching: While women in the 13th century were not permitted to preach publicly, Ingrid likely shared her knowledge and faith within her community and with those who sought her counsel.
4. Communal Life: The Dominican tradition places great importance on community life, reflected in Ingrid’s establishment of Skänninge Abbey.
5. Marian Devotion: The Dominican Order has a strong tradition of devotion to the Virgin Mary, which likely played a significant role in Ingrid’s spiritual life.

While we don’t have extensive writings from Ingrid herself, we can infer other aspects of her spirituality based on Dominican traditions and the practices of other female mystics of her time:

1. Eucharistic Devotion: Like many medieval mystics, Ingrid likely had a deep devotion to the Eucharist.
2. Asceticism: Her giving away of worldly possessions suggests that Ingrid practiced a form of radical poverty.
3. Mysticism: Given the trends in female spirituality during this period, Ingrid may have experienced mystical visions or ecstasies, though we lack direct evidence of this.
4. Service to Others: The Dominican emphasis on works of mercy suggests that Ingrid’s spirituality would have had a strong practical component.

Contemporary Saints and Influences

Ingrid’s lifetime coincided with several other notable saints who shaped the spirituality of the 13th century:

1. St. Dominic (1170-1221): Founder of the Dominican Order.
2. St. Francis of Assisi (1181/1182-1226): Known for his devotion to poverty and nature.
3. St. Clare of Assisi (1194-1253): Founder of the Poor Clares.
4. St. Elizabeth of Hungary (1207-1231): A princess who dedicated her life to serving the poor.
5. St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274): A Dominican friar and influential theologian.

These contemporary figures, particularly within the Dominican tradition, likely influenced Ingrid’s spiritual formation and her vision for religious life in Sweden.

Legacy and Veneration

After Ingrid’s death in 1282, many people began to venerate her remains and remember her devout life. Reports of miracles occurring at her tomb drew pilgrims from across Sweden seeking her intercession.

The Swedish bishops initiated an inquisition, the first step towards potential canonization. Ingrid’s cause for canonization was presented to the Council of Constance. In 1499, Pope Alexander VI permitted the translation of her remains, and a Mass and office in her honor were composed.

However, the Swedish Reformation disrupted the process of her formal canonization. While it’s believed that her relics were destroyed along with her abbey during this period, Ingrid was never officially canonized, nor was her cause for canonization reopened.

Despite the lack of formal canonization, many Catholics, particularly in Sweden, continued to venerate Ingrid. Her feast day is observed on September 2nd in some local calendars. She became known as the patron saint of widows, with her life story inspiring those navigating the challenges of losing a spouse and those drawn to religious life.

Historical Significance and Continuing Relevance

Ingrid’s life and work had a lasting impact on Swedish religious life. She can be seen as a precursor to the more famous St. Bridget of Sweden (1303-1373), who would also establish a religious order. Like St. Catherine of Siena (1347-1380), another Dominican tertiary, Ingrid combined a life of intense prayer with active engagement in her community.

Ingrid’s journey from noblewoman to widow to religious founder provides a powerful example of female agency within the constraints of medieval society. Her story offers a model for balancing contemplation with active service and showcases women’s leadership in religious life.

The veneration of Ingrid, despite her lack of formal canonization, speaks to the deep impression she made on local spirituality. Her life continues to offer inspiration, particularly to those seeking to balance contemplative and active lives, and to women called to leadership in religious contexts.

In conclusion, St. Ingrid of Sweden stands as a remarkable figure in 13th-century religious history. Her response to personal tragedy, her embrace of Dominican spirituality, and her pioneering work in establishing Sweden’s first Dominican convent for women make her a noteworthy subject of study and veneration. Her legacy continues to resonate with those exploring the intersection of personal faith, communal religious life, and social engagement.

5 Interesting Facts About St. Ingrid of Sweden

1. Ingrid was the first Swedish woman to adopt the Dominican habit.
2. Ingrid founded the first Dominican convent in Sweden.
3. Ingrid made pilgrimages to the Holy Land and Rome.
4. Legend has it that Ingrid’s skull was stolen during the Reformation.
   and later mistakenly displayed as the skull of Bridget of Sweden.
5. Ingrid was distantly related by marriage to St. Bridge of Sweden.

Prayer to St. Ingrid of Sweden

Lord God, you showered heavenly gifts on Blessed Ingrid the Virgin. Help us to imitate her virtues during our earthly lives and enjoy eternal happiness with her in heaven. Amen.

Contributed by [Good Books for Catholic Kids].ul

When she lived:

Saint Rosilia, the enigmatic hermit of the Sicilian hills, is believed to have lived during the early medieval period, around the 10th century. However, the exact dates of her birth and death remain shrouded in mystery, adding to the allure of her story.

Where she lived:

Saint Rosilia’s secluded life unfolded amidst the rugged beauty of the Sicilian mountains. Legends describe her dwelling in a hidden cave, nestled in the picturesque hills near Palermo, Italy. The serene landscapes and mystical ambiance of her chosen abode only added to the fascination surrounding her life.

Notable world events during the time of their life:

• The Great Comet of 961 (March 7, 961): A spectacular celestial event, the Great Comet of 961 graced the night skies during Rosilia’s time. Its appearance sparked both fear and wonder among people, inspiring various interpretations and superstitions. Some believed it was a harbinger of doom, while others saw it as a sign of celestial blessings.
• The Rise of the Fatimid Caliphate (909): The establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa marked a significant political and religious shift in the Islamic world. The Fatimids were known for their tolerance towards religious minorities, which might have influenced Rosilia’s spiritual journey and interactions with diverse faiths.
• The Invention of the Magnetic Compass (11th century): During Rosilia’s lifetime, the magnetic compass was invented in China and gradually spread to the Western world. This revolutionary navigational tool transformed maritime exploration, enabling sailors to venture into uncharted waters with greater confidence.
• The founding of Al-Azhar University (970): In Cairo, Egypt, the renowned Al-Azhar University was established during Rosilia’s era. This institution became a center of learning, attracting scholars from various disciplines and fostering intellectual exchange across cultures.

In the pantheon of Catholic saints, few shine as brightly as Saint Rosalia, Palermo’s celestial guardian. Revered as the patron saint of purity, solitude, and renewal, this 12th-century hermit has captured hearts and imaginations for centuries. Let’s dive into the fascinating life of this holy recluse who traded silks for sackcloth and a palace for a cave.

A Noble Beginning

Born around 1130 in Palermo, Sicily, Rosalia was no ordinary girl. She came from a noble family supposedly descended from Charlemagne himself. Talk about a medieval influencer! But Rosalia had different plans for her life’s story.

Love Divine, All Loves Excelling

When a handsome nobleman came knocking with a marriage proposal, Rosalia pulled a classic “It’s not you, it’s me” move. She decided to ghost the material world entirely and devote herself to God. It was the ultimate left-swipe on earthly desires.

Cave Sweet Cave

Rosalia traded her cushy noble digs for a cozy cave on Mount Pellegrino. This wasn’t your average fixer-upper – it was a literal hole in the rock. She lived there as a hermit for years, proving that sometimes the best roommate is no roommate at all.

Holy Graffiti

During her cave-dwelling days, Rosalia didn’t just twiddle her thumbs. She carved an inscription on the wall that read, “I, Rosalia, daughter of Sinibald, Lord of Roses and Quisquina, have taken the resolution to live in this cave for the love of my Lord, Jesus Christ.” Talk about a status update!

A Hermit’s Life

Rosalia’s daily routine was far from our Netflix-and-chill lifestyle. She spent her days in prayer, fasting, and contemplation. Her only accessories were a cross, a rosary, and a skull – a constant reminder of mortality. It was minimalism before it was cool.

Heavenly Departure

Around 1166, Rosalia passed away in her rocky abode, alone but at peace. Her story might have ended there, forgotten in the annals of time. But fate – and a nasty plague – had other plans.

The Plague That Changed Everything

Fast forward to 1624. Palermo was in the grip of a devastating plague. Things looked bleak until Rosalia decided it was time for a posthumous cameo. She appeared to a sick woman and a hunter, spilling the beans about where to find her remains.

Indiana Jones, Sicilian Edition

Following Rosalia’s spectral GPS, the hunter climbed Mount Pellegrino and found her bones in the cave. It was like a holy scavenger hunt! As per Rosalia’s ghostly instructions, her remains were paraded around Palermo three times.

Miracle on Mount Pellegrino

Lo and behold, the plague vanished faster than you can say “penicillin.” Palermo hailed Rosalia as their savior, and she was promoted to the city’s patron saint. A sanctuary was built in her cave, because every local hero needs a good tourist spot.

Rosalia’s Greatest Hits

The plague miracle was Rosalia’s chart-topper, but she had other hits too. She’s credited with several healings and is said to protect against earthquakes. In 1906, her intercession allegedly saved Palermo from a cholera outbreak. Rosalia was basically Sicily’s supernatural first responder.

Symbols and Iconography

In art, Rosalia is often depicted as a young woman with flowing blonde hair, wearing a Franciscan cowl. She’s usually accessorizing with a cross, book, skull, or spray of lilies. Sometimes she’s shown with a chisel and hammer, her holy DIY tools. A crown of roses often adorns her head, giving her a coachella-meets-medieval vibe.

Rosalia in Renaissance Chic

Rosalia became a hot topic in Italian Renaissance and Baroque painting. Artists couldn’t get enough of her, with the Flemish master Anthony Van Dyck being her biggest fan. His depictions of Rosalia set the standard for her “look,” making him the medieval equivalent of a fashion influencer.

Rosalia Goes Global

While Palermo remains Rosalia’s home turf, her fan club has gone international. She’s the patron saint of El Hatillo, Zuata, and Anzoategui in Venezuela, and Camargo in Mexico. Sicily’s hermit girl has become a global icon!

Party Like It’s 1624

Palermo hasn’t forgotten its holy heroine. Every July 14th, the city throws a massive bash called Festino di Santa Rosalia. It’s a religious festival meets street party, proving that even after 900 years, Rosalia still knows how to draw a crowd.

Rosalia Today

In our hyper-connected world, Rosalia’s life of solitude and devotion hits different. She’s become a symbol of finding peace amidst chaos, of seeking renewal in a world that never stops. Whether you’re religious or not, there’s something inspiring about a woman who chose her own path and stuck to it.

So, the next time life gets overwhelming, remember Rosalia. Maybe we can’t all retreat to a cave, but we can certainly channel her spirit of solitude and inner peace. Just maybe skip the skull accessories – that’s a look best left in the 12th century.

5 Interesting Facts About St. Rosalia

1. She is the saint that is invoked during times of plague and
   Since 2020, she has been invoked by some to protect them from COVID 19.
2. A tradition of walking barefoot on the 4th of September
   Palermo up to Mount Pellegrino is observed in honor of St. Rosalia.
3. At one point, it was proposed that she be named the patron saint.
   of evolutionary studies
4. She is believed to have performed a miracle more than 500 years ago.
   after her death. The one where she showed people where to find her
   bones.
5. St. Rosalia is one of the most venerated saints in Christianity.

Prayer to St. Rosalia

Father in heaven, we thank You for the communion of saints so that we can draw near to You through the prayers of St. Rosalie. Through her prayers, help us to remember that our destiny is heaven. As St. Rosalie gave up all things in this world for the sake of Your kingdom, through her prayers, may we love more fully Your Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, who together with You and the Holy Spirit are one God forever and ever. Amen.O God, our Father, mercifully look upon Your people who come to You and grant, through the intercession of St. Rosalie, who turned away from earthly delights to the joys of contemplation, that we may be delivered from all harm here on earth and one day be welcomed into the Kingdom of Heaven. St. Rosalie, confessor, and virgin, we pray to God for our families and friends. Through your powerful prayers, may we obtain health, life, and eternal salvation. I also pray today for this special need and intention (make your intention known). O glorious virgin and confessor, St. Rose, I promise henceforth to remember and follow your example of faith and love. Pray for me and mine. Amen.

St. Augustine of Hippo

When he lived: St. Augustine of Hippo, also known as Augustine of Hippo or simply St. Augustine, lived from November 13, 354 AD, to August 28, 430 AD.

Where he lived: St. Augustine was born in Thagaste (modern-day Souk Ahras, Algeria) in North Africa, which was part of the Roman Empire at the time. He spent most of his life in the city of Hippo Regius (modern-day Annaba, Algeria), where he served as the bishop.

Notable world events during the time of his life:

1. The Sack of Rome (410 AD): In 410 AD, the Visigoths, led by King Alaric, breached the walls of Rome, marking the first time the city had been sacked in over 800 years. This event shook the Roman Empire to its core and signified the beginning of its eventual decline.
2. The Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 AD): The Western Roman Empire faced its ultimate collapse in 476 AD when Odoacer, a Germanic chieftain, deposed the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus. This marked the end of ancient Rome and the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe.
3. The Council of Nicaea (325 AD): Although this event occurred before Augustine’s time, its impact resonated throughout his life. The Council of Nicaea, convened by Emperor Constantine, was a significant ecumenical council that addressed theological controversies, including the nature of the Holy Trinity, and resulted in the formulation of the Nicene Creed, which continues to be a central aspect of Christian faith.
4. The Life of Hypatia (c. 360-415 AD): Hypatia, a renowned female philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer, lived during Augustine’s lifetime. Her contributions to science and philosophy made her one of the most influential intellectuals of her time, and her tragic death in 415 AD in Alexandria, Egypt, underlines the tensions between pagan philosophy and the emerging Christian dominance.
5. The Confessions of St. Augustine (397-401 AD): Among the most famous and influential works of Augustine is his autobiographical masterpiece, “Confessions.” Completed between 397 and 401 AD, this book not only provided an intimate glimpse into Augustine’s spiritual journey but also set the standard for Western autobiographical writing, influencing countless writers and thinkers over the centuries.
6. The City of God (413-426 AD): Another significant work by St. Augustine, “The City of God,” was written between 413 and 426 AD. This monumental treatise explored the ideas of God’s providence, the nature of human society, and the eternal struggle between the earthly city and the heavenly city, shaping the development of Christian political and philosophical thought.

His patronage: St. Augustine is regarded as the patron saint of brewers due to his early involvement in a rather loose and carefree lifestyle before his conversion to Christianity. His journey from indulgence to piety, along with his intellectual and spiritual depth, has made him an inspiration to those seeking to reform and change their ways. As the patron saint of brewers, he serves as a reminder that transformation and redemption are always possible, no matter one’s past actions. So, next time you enjoy a delicious brew, you might raise a glass in honor of St. Augustine!

Not a Good Start

Aurelius Augustinus, or Augustine, was born in 354 in Tagaste, Numidia, North Africa (now Souk Ahras, Algeria). His father, Patricius, was a pagan, and his mother, St. Monica, was a devout Christian. He was enrolled as a catechumen by his mother when he was a boy. However, his baptism was deferred to a later time in accordance with the prevailing custom.

Young Augustine possessed a very inquisitive mind as well as an attractive personality. He set his sights on a career that would bring him wealth and fame. His parents sought out opportunities to provide their son with the finest education possible. However, Augustine spent many years of his life living in wickedness and with false beliefs. He was considered one of the most intelligent men who ever lived, and though he had been brought up in the Christian faith, his pride and his sins of impurity darkened his mind so much that he could not see or understand the Divine Truth anymore.

Prior to his conversion, Augustine adhered to Manichaeism, a dualistic religion that believed in the existence of two equal and opposite powers: good and evil (BeDuhn, 2009).

Seeing her son living a wayward life, Monica ceaselessly prayed for Augustine’s conversion. Soon enough, through Monica’s prayers and the great preaching of the Bishop of Milan, St. Ambrose, Augustine finally became convinced that the one and true religion was Christianity. However, he did not outright become a Christian then. This was because he thought he could never live a life of chastity.

A Voice Woke Him Up

However, one day, Augustine heard about two men who, after reading the life of St. Anthony, had suddenly converted. He felt terribly ashamed of himself! He told his friend Alipius, “What are we doing? Unlearned people are taking heaven by force, while we, with all our knowledge, are so cowardly that we keep rolling around in the mud of our sins!” Augustine, filled with sorrow and bitterness, went out and flung himself into the garden. There he cried out in utter sadness, “How long more, Lord?” Why does not this hour put an end to my sins?”

After shedding many tears of guilt and remorse, he heard a child’s voice saying, “Tolle, lege. Tolle, lege”, which means “Take up and read! “Take up and read!” Thinking that God desired him to hear these words, Augustine picked up the book of the Letters of St. Paul. He opened the book and read the first passage his gaze fell upon. He read the admonition of St. Paul to put away all impurity and live in imitation of Jesus—just what Augustine needed to hear! From then on, he began to live a new life.

At the age of 33, Augustine was baptized by St. Ambrose, the bishop of Milan. His decision to finally embrace the Catholic faith and its doctrines was at the same time a commitment to spend the rest of his life as a servant of God in celibacy. This means that he had to leave the woman whom he had deeply loved for years and with whom he had fathered a son named Adeodatus.

Better Late Than Never

After his baptism, which Augustine received together with his son and Alipius, he returned to his hometown, where he desired to live a monastic way of life together with other men who had experienced a radical conversion to the faith. On their way, at Ostia, just outside of Rome, his mother Monica got ill and died suddenly, happy to witness her son’s conversion and commitment to Christ and the Church.

At Tagaste, Augustine and his companions lived a life of intense prayer, work, and community life. They shared their insights about Scripture and the Christian vocation. Three years later, in 391, Augustine was ordained a priest in Hippo Regius (present-day Annaba, Algeria) (Drobner, 2007). He also established a monastic community in Tagaste, while at the same time he became an assistant to the bishop Valerius. In 395, Augustine succeeded Valerius as Bishop of Hippo (Drobner, 2007). While he was bishop of Hippo, he wrote his Rule for the continued direction of his monastic community in Tagaste.

Augustine wrote extensively, producing over 100 works, including books, letters, and sermons. His most famous works are “Confessions” and “City of God” (Schuld, 2022). In his autobiographical work “Confessions,” Augustine famously wrote, “You have made us for yourself, O Lord, and our heart is restless until it rests in you” (Augustine & Chadwick, 2008).

Augustine’s theological views significantly influenced the development of Western Christianity, particularly in the areas of original sin, divine grace, and predestination (Portalié, 1913). He engaged in theological debates with the Donatists, a Christian sect that believed in the necessity of a pure church and rejected the validity of sacraments administered by clergy who had committed serious sins (Tilley, 1996).

Augustine realized that his desired life of contemplation and asceticism greatly influenced his pastoral work as leader of the local church as well as that of a civil official, which the office of bishop at the time included. In addition to his pastoral duties within Hippo, he traveled to church councils in the region of North Africa forty to fifty times over the course of the 35 years he served as bishop. Augustine overcame strong heresies, practiced great poverty and supported the poor, preached very often, and prayed with great fervor right up until his death.

On August 28, 430, during the Vandal siege of Hippo, Augustine died (Knowles & Penkett, 2004). He spent his remaining days and nights praying the penitential psalm, which he asked to be written on the wall of his room. The city fell to the Vandals soon after his death. His mortal remains were laid to rest in Hippo but were later taken to Sardinia for safekeeping and finally to Pavia in Northern Italy, where they now rest in the Basilica of San Pietro in Ciel d’Oro. Augustine of Hippo was canonized in 1303 by Pope Boniface VIII. His feast day is August 28.

Five Interesting Facts About St. Augustine of Hippo

1. St. Augustine of Hippo is the patron saint of brewers, printers, and
   theologians.
2. St. Augustine of Hippo is one of the four great doctors and fathers.
   of the West. With him are Ambrose, Jerome, and Gregory the Great.
3. St. Augustine wrote Confessions, his most honest and personal
   autobiography. This work of his is considered one of the classics.
   in spiritual literature.
4. Because Augustine’s work was immediately considered very important,
   A lot of his writing has survived, about 5,000,000 words (approximately
   100 of these books).
5. In his Confessions, St. Augustine of Hippo recounted how he first
   became aware of sin when he and his friends stole some pears.

Prayer to St. Augustine of Hippo

Renew in your Church, we pray, O Lord, the spirit with which you endowed your Bishop Saint Augustine, that, filled with the same spirit, we may thirst for you, the sole fount of true wisdom, and seek you, the author of heavenly love. Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever Amen.

“Son, nothing in this world now affords me delight.

I do not know what is left for me to do or why.

I’m still here, all my hopes in this world now fulfilled.”

 – St. Monica to his son, St. Augustine of Hippo

Sure, I’d be happy to help you with the article on St. Monica. Here are the details, presented in an interesting manner:

When they lived: St. Monica, also known as Monica of Hippo, lived during the late 4th century and early 5th century AD.

Where they lived: St. Monica lived in Tagaste, a small town in the Roman province of Numidia, which is present-day Algeria.

Notable world events during the time of their life:

• 410 AD – Sack of Rome: In 410 AD, the Visigoths, under King Alaric, invaded and sacked Rome. This event shocked the Roman Empire, as it was the first time in 800 years that the city had been captured by a foreign enemy.
• Augustine’s Conversion to Christianity: During Monica’s lifetime, her son, Augustine of Hippo, went through a transformational spiritual journey. He converted to Christianity, eventually becoming one of the most influential Church Fathers and theologians.
• Declaration of Christianity as the state religion: In 380 AD, the Roman Emperor Theodosius I issued the Edict of Thessalonica, also known as the “Cunctos populos” decree, declaring Nicene Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire.
• Founding of Constantinople: In 330 AD, the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great founded the city of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) as the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This marked a significant shift in the empire’s political and cultural center.
• 375 AD – Hunnic Invasions: The Huns, a fierce nomadic tribe from Central Asia, started their invasions into Eastern Europe and the Roman Empire around 375 AD, causing widespread upheaval and migrations of various tribes and peoples.

Patronage: St. Monica is the patron saint of mothers, wives, and abusive marriages. Her unwavering faith and dedication to prayer, even in the face of difficult circumstances, make her an inspiring figure for those seeking guidance in their family lives.

St. Monica’s life is a testament to the power of faith, love, and perseverance. Despite facing numerous challenges, she remained steadfast in her prayers for her son’s spiritual transformation. Today, her legacy lives on as a symbol of hope and a reminder that even in the darkest of times, faith can light the way.

Tough Beginning

St. Monica was born in 331 AD in Thagaste, known today as Souk Ahras, in Algeria, North Africa. At a very young age, her parents married her off to a Roman pagan called Patricius, despite Monica being a devout Christian.

Monica was in between a pagan husband and a cantankerous mother-in-law. They both had violent tempers. Patricius’s mother lived with the young couple, which didn’t make Monica’s life any easier.

Monica had three children who survived infancy: two sons and a daughter. Augustine being the eldest, Navigus and Perpetual Monica carried the burden of not being able to baptize their children as their father was pagan.

Difficult Marriage

St. Monica had a very troubled marriage. Patricius, her husband, was unfaithful to the union and verbally abused her with an easily flared temper. He disliked Monica for her prayers, charity, and piety, but he still respected her.

Nevertheless, Monica prayed continuously for her husband’s and mother-in-law’s conversion.

Perhaps Monica’s greatest trial as a married woman was to come with her son Augustine. He lived a lustful, adulterous life, stealing and telling lies. Patricius wasn’t much help in raising Augustine on the right path since he isn’t much different.

St. Monica lost her husband, Patricius, when her son Augustine was 17 and more carefree. Fortunately, Patricius and his mother converted to Christianity a year before his death and got baptized. Their conversion gave Monica some consolation.

The Weeping Mother

Augustine was at Carthage for studies when his father died. Today, Carthage is in Tunisia. While Augustine was at Carthage studying rhetoric, he joined the Manichean religion. The Manichean doctrine describes all flesh as evil, light, and darkness and states that all matter will go to light when it dies (astrology).

Monica was deeply in sorrow when she learned her son had continued to deviate from the Christian faith and had fallen deeply into sin. Later,when Augustine returned home to Thagaste in grief, she denied him sharing her table with her for a while.

As a distressed mother who never sleeps, Monica wept at night for her son’s conversion. One day, she had a vision in which a voice told her to reconcile with her stray son, so she took Augustine back and kept praying for him.

Monica met a bishop who told her that the child of those tears should never perish. The bishop’s word helped strengthen her persistence in prayer.

Victory at Last

Augustine secretly traveled to Rome, Italy, and St. Monica followed after her son. On arriving in Rome, she learned that he had moved to Milan. Not discouraged, she followed him to Milan.

While in Milan, Monica came across St. Ambrose. He helped convert Augustine to Christianity, and months later, Augustine got baptized at St. John the Baptist Milan by St. Ambrose.

Long years of persistence and prayer have finally paid off, and St. Monica was the happiest and most fulfilled woman on earth.

The Call to Journey Home

St. Monica and her son, later St. Augustine, were divinely inspired to go back to Africa to preach the gospel. On their way home, Monica had told Augustine, “Son, nothing in this world now affords me delight. I do not know what is left for me to do or why. I’m still here; all my hopes in this world are now fulfilled.”

St. Monica died on their journey home at Ostia in 387. Her body was buried near the tomb of St. Aurea of Ostia. Her relics were transferred on May 4, 1430, on the order of Pope Martin V, to the Basilica of Sant’Agostino,Rome.

5 Interesting Facts About St. Monica

1. Did you know that it took St. Monica 17 years of persistent prayer
   to convert her lost son Augustine to Catholicism?
2. The city of Santa Monica, California, in the United States, was named after
   st. Monica.
3. St. Monica is venerated in the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern
   Orthodox, Anglican Communion, Oriental Orthodox, and Lutheranism
4. Through her persistent prayers, her pagan husband and his mother got
   converted.
5. St. Monica is the patron saint of married women, mothers,
   conversions, alcoholics, and abuse victims. She passed through many
   ordeals, and she remains steadfast. A lesson that God never gives
   up on us even in the darkest moments of our lives.

Prayer to St. Monica

St. Monica, I need your prayers. You know exactly how I feel because you once felt it yourself. I’m hurting, hopeless, and in despair. I desperately want my child to return to Christ in his church, but I can’t do it alone. I need God’s help. Please join me in begging the Lord’s powerful grace to flow into my child’s life. Ask the Lord Jesus to soften his heart, prepare a path for his conversion, and activate the Holy Spirit in his life. Amen.

“Son, nothing in this world now affords me delight.

I do not know what is left for me to do or why.

I’m still here, all my hopes in this world now fulfilled.

St. Monica to his son, St. Augustine of Hippo

St. Athanasius – The Defiant Defender of Orthodoxy

When he lived:

St. Athanasius was born around the year 296 AD and lived until May 2, 373 AD. He was a prominent Christian theologian, bishop, and one of the most influential figures during the early centuries of Christianity.

Where he lived:

St. Athanasius hailed from Alexandria, Egypt, a city renowned for its intellectual and cultural vibrancy during the Roman Empire. Alexandria’s diverse population allowed Athanasius to be exposed to a wide range of ideas and philosophies, shaping his thoughts and convictions as he grew older.

Notable world events during the time of his life:

1. The Edict of Milan (313 AD): This pivotal edict, issued by the Roman Emperors Constantine the Great and Licinius, granted religious tolerance to Christians across the Empire, ending the persecution they had faced for centuries. This landmark event marked the beginning of Christianity’s journey towards becoming a state-recognized religion.
2. The Council of Nicaea (325 AD): St. Athanasius played a crucial role in this momentous ecumenical council held in Nicaea, present-day Iznik, Turkey. The council aimed to address the Arian controversy, a heretical belief questioning the divinity of Christ. Athanasius passionately defended the Orthodox view of the Trinity and the full divinity of Jesus Christ. His unyielding stance earned him the title “Father of Orthodoxy.”
3. The Great Persecution (303-313 AD): During his early years, Athanasius experienced the horrors of the Great Persecution, a series of Roman-led persecutions against Christians. These trials and tribulations strengthened his resolve and commitment to the faith, preparing him for the challenges that lay ahead.
4. The Death of Constantine (337 AD): The passing of Emperor Constantine the Great brought about political instability and religious uncertainties. Athanasius found himself embroiled in various power struggles and exiled multiple times for his unwavering adherence to Orthodox Christianity.
5. The First Barbarian Invasions (350 AD): The Roman Empire faced external threats during Athanasius’ life, as Germanic tribes began to invade its borders. This era marked the beginning of significant socio-political changes that would later lead to the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

His patronage:

St. Athanasius is widely recognized as the patron saint of theologians, apologists, and scholars due to his relentless dedication to upholding the truth of Christian doctrine. Additionally, he is considered the patron saint of Coptic Christians, as he played a significant role in shaping the Coptic Orthodox Church in Egypt.

St. Athanasius’ life was a rollercoaster of faith, resilience, and intellectual prowess. His legacy as a defender of Orthodox Christianity continues to inspire people to stand firm in their convictions, even in the face of adversity. Through his writings and actions, he exemplified how one person’s unwavering dedication can profoundly impact the course of history and shape the future of religious thought.

 

St. Alexander’s Protégé

Most probably, St. Athanasius was born in Alexandria, Egypt, about the year 300. He was given a good education during his youth. He received philosophical and theological training in Alexandria. He became a deacon and secretary to Alexander, the Bishop of Alexandria. As a close collaborator of his bishop, Athanasius took part with him in the Council of Nicaea, the first Ecumenical Council convened by Emperor Constantine in the year 325, which was aimed at ensuring unity in the Church.

Athanasius was recognized as an exceptional theologian and ascetic and was regarded as the obvious candidate to succeed Alexander. When Bishop Alexander died in 328, Athanasius succeeded him as Bishop of Alexandria. His first years as bishop were devoted to the visitation of his extensive patriarchate, which included the whole of Egypt and Libya. He established important contacts with the Coptic monks of Upper Egypt and their leader, St. Pachomius.

Defenders of Orthodoxy

Most of all, Athanasius showed straightaway that he was determined to reject any compromise with regard to the Arian heresies condemned by the Council of Nicaea. He zealously worked to defend the faith and the Church’s teachings and to affirm the convictions of the Nicene Fathers to address various issues and the serious problem that had arisen from the erroneous preaching of Arius. With his theory, Arius threatened authentic faith in Christ. He declared that the Logos was not a true God but a created God, a creature “halfway” between God and man. Hence, said Arius, Christ remained forever inaccessible to us.

Soon, Athanasius began to face the struggle with imperialist and Arian churchmen, a toil that occupied much of his life. His unwillingness to accede to them and, if necessary, his sometimes harsh response against those who opposed his appointment as bishop and especially against those who disagreed with the Nicene Creed provoked the unsparing hostility of the Arians. Despite the unanimous declaration of the Council, these erroneous ideas once again began to prevail. They were upheld for political reasons, especially to safeguard the unity of the empire.

Hence, the Arian crisis, which was believed to have been resolved at Nicaea, persisted for decades, along with complicated events and painful divisions in the Church. During his thirty years as bishop, Athanasius was obliged to leave his city at least five times. He spent seventeen years in exile, suffering for the faith.

Exile and Return

However, despite his banishment, Athanasius was able to sustain and spread the Nicene faith in the West. He lived among the hermits in the Egyptian desert with the help of St. Anthony, considered to be the most important champion of Athanasius’ faith. He had to move from one hermitage to another to escape the Arians, who were plotting against him. Again and again, he proclaimed that Jesus Christ was truly God.

Finally, Athanasius was able to return to Alexandria in 365. He was reinstated in his see and devoted himself to religious pacification and the reorganization of the Christian communities. He died there around the year 373. A few years later, the church declared that Arianism was a heresy. So the belief that Jesus is divine was passed down to us because of Athanasius, the champion of right belief. His feast day is May 2.

Five Interesting Facts About St. Athanasius

1. St. Athanasius is also referred to as St. Athanasius of Alexandria, Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Apostolic, or Athanasius the Confessor.
2. St. Athanasius is one of the great doctors of the Church.
3. St. Athanasius was such a close friend of the great hermit St. Anthony that he received one of the two sheepskins that Anthony left as his legacy. St. Athanasius wrote the biography of St. Anthony the Abbot.
4. St. Athanasius is called “the father of orthodoxy” for his absolute dedication to the doctrine of Christ’s divinity.
5. St. Gregory Nazianzen, who presided over part of the Council of Nicaea, described St. Athanasius as “the true pillar of the Church”.

Prayer to St. Athanasius

Almighty, ever-living God, who raised up the Bishop Saint Athanasius as an outstanding champion of your Son’s divinity, mercifully grant that, rejoicing in his teaching and his protection, we may never cease to grow in knowledge and love of you. Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,God, for ever and ever Amen.

When they lived: St. Bernard of Clairvaux lived from 1090 to 1153.

Where they lived: St. Bernard of Clairvaux lived in the Abbey of Clairvaux, located in the Champagne region of France.

Notable world events during their life:

1. The First Crusade (1096-1099): St. Bernard played a significant role in inspiring and recruiting crusaders for the First Crusade.
2. The Investiture Controversy (1075-1122): St. Bernard supported the papal authority in the conflict between the papacy and secular rulers over the appointment of church officials.
3. The founding of Universities: Universities were beginning to emerge in Europe during St. Bernard’s life.
4. The Renaissance of the 12th Century: St. Bernard’s writings and teachings contributed to this period of cultural and intellectual revival.
5. The Growth of Cistercian Order: St. Bernard was a pivotal figure in the Cistercian monastic movement.

Their patronage:

• Beekeepers: St. Bernard is often depicted with a beehive, symbolizing his sweet and eloquent words.
• Candlemakers: St. Bernard’s patronage extends to candlemakers, who craft items of spiritual significance.
• Monastics and Cistercian Orders: St. Bernard is the patron of monastic life and the Cistercian order.
• Lecturers and Students: St. Bernard’s influence on the intellectual climate makes him a guiding figure for educators and students.
• Innkeepers: St. Bernard’s compassion and care for travelers are associated with his patronage of innkeepers.

Early Life

Bernard was born in the year 1090 on the outskirts of Dijon in Burgundy to a family of the highest nobility. His parents were Tescelinde Fontaine, Lord of Fontaine-Les-Dijon, and Alethe De Montbard. They raised him well so that he would follow in their footsteps and be a man of virtue. Bernard’s mother played a major role in molding his character. When his mother died in 1107, that was the turning point for Bernard, who started his long road to complete conversion to Christianity.

After seeking the guidance of Stephen Harding, the abbot of Citeaux, Bernard made up his mind to join the small community called the Cistercians. The order had been established in 1098 with the mission to restore Benedictine monasticism to a more primitive and austere state. Bernard expressed great enthusiasm for the order. He managed to convince his brothers and 25 other people to join him at Citeaux in the year 1112.

Bernard was a radical Christian who fasted and deprived himself of sleep. His physical health suffered as he developed different illnesses such as anemia, migraines, gastritis, and hypertension. He endured all these challenges and focused on his spiritual life with a dedication that saw him appointed abbot of the Cistercian monastery at Clairvaux.

As a leader, his strict standards were upheld amidst complaints from monks who felt that he was too radical. Despite these complaints, the monastery prospered under his leadership. By the year 1118, Clairvaux had established its first daughter house, which increased to 100 monasteries in Bernard’s lifetime.

Influence on the World

Bernard was instrumental in re-emphasizing the importance of Lectio Divina and contemplation for monks. Bernard had observed that when Lectio Divina was neglected, monasticism suffered. He stated that people who are their own spiritual directors have fools for disciples.

As Bernard’s influence and responsibilities increased, he had cordial relationships with other orders. These orders included the Carthusians and the Premonstratensians. He loved to be close to the seat of power and was an advisor to five popes.

Bernard wrote the Knights Templar for men who took monastic vows and swore to defend the Holy Land militarily. However, Peter Abelard, a Paris theologian, criticized the way Bernard preached the gospel of Christ. This did not sit well with Bernard, who wrote a letter to the Pope complaining about the way Abelard was criticizing him. Pope Innocent III, an ally of Bernard, condemned Abelard’s teaching and forced him to retire to a monastery. The pope owed his position to Bernard’s public support.

The political influence of Bernard was further enhanced when his former pupil was elected to the position of Pope Eugenius III. Bernard described the pope as a vicar of Christ who presided over all people. The influence he had in Eugenius III’s reign resulted in people saying that Bernard was pope, not Eugenius.

Eugenius enlisted Bernard as the chief promoter of the Second Crusade. Bernard traveled all over Europe, drumming up support for the crusade. He encouraged people to put Jesus Christ before anything else. However, the crusade was a disaster because effective leadership was lacking. This negatively affected Bernard’s reputation. He sent an apology to the Pope, and it is inserted in the second part of his “Book of Considerations”. The excuse he gives is that the sins of the Crusaders were the cause of their misfortunes and failures.

Date of Death

Bernard died on August 20, 1153, aged 63, after 40 years of monastic life. He was buried at Clairvaux Abbey. His Feast Day is celebrated on August 20.

Canonization and Patronage

Bernard was canonized on January 18, 1174, in Rome by Pope Alexander III. In 1923, Pope Pius XI confirmed Bernard as the patron saint of the Alps. He is also a patron of beekeepers and candlemakers.

5 Interesting Facts About St. Bernard of Clairvaux

1. In 1792, the French Revolution government transferred Bernard’s
   remains to Troyes Cathedral from Clairvaux Abbey.
2. He rallied soldiers to kill Muslims.
3. He founded 163 monasteries in different parts of Europe.
4. His Feast Day is celebrated on August 20.
5. Bernard was sick after following a strict fasting routine and
   depriving himself of sleep.

Prayer to St. Bernard of Clairvaux

Heavenly Father, Saint Bernard was filled with zeal for Your house and was a radiant light in Your Church. By his prayers, may we be filled with his spirit of zeal and walk always as children of light. Through our Lord Jesus Christ, Your Son, who lives and reigns with You in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever Amen.

When he lived: November 14, 1601 – August 19, 1680

Where he lived: Ri, Normandy, France

Notable world events during the time of his life:

1. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648): A devastating conflict that engulfed much of Europe, escalating from a religious war to a complex power struggle.
2. English Civil War (1642-1651): England faced internal strife, leading to the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.
3. Scientific Revolution (16th-17th centuries): A time of remarkable scientific progress with luminaries like Galileo, Kepler, and Newton shaping our understanding of the cosmos.
4. Founding of Quebec City (1608): Samuel de Champlain established Quebec City, marking the beginning of French colonization in North America.
5. Treaty of Westphalia (1648): This treaty ended the Thirty Years’ War, ushering in a new era of diplomacy and recognizing the sovereignty of individual states.

Patronage: St. John Eudes is venerated as the patron saint of pastors and confessors, known for his dedication to training priests and providing spiritual guidance.

A Preacher-Missionary

St. John Eudes was born into a peasant family in 1601 in Normandy, France. He was instructed by the Jesuits at Caen. Since he was a child, he has already tried to live in imitation of the Lord Jesus Christ. When he was fourteen years old, he took a vow of chastity.

Eventually, John heeded the call to the priesthood. He entered the Bérullian Oratory, and in 1625, he was ordained a priest. During the severe plagues of 1627 and 1631, he volunteered to care for the stricken in his own diocese. Lest he infect his fellow religious, during the plague he lived in a huge cask in the middle of a field.

Fr. John was known for his eloquent and moving preaching. When he was thirty-two years old, with his gifts of preaching and his charity as a confessor, he began to give parish missions. He realized the need for parish priests’ support and encouragement in becoming men of both prayer and action. He conducted conferences for them and outlined the duties they ought to fulfill. Fr. John preached over a hundred parish missions, some lasting from several weeks to several months.

Concern for the Formation of the Clergy

Driven by his concern for the spiritual formation and improvement of the clergy, Fr. John realized that the greatest need was the establishment of seminaries. His superior general, the bishop, and even Cardinal Richelieu granted him permission to begin the work. However, the succeeding superior general disapproved. After long prayers and listening to counsel, Fr. John decided that it was best for him to leave the religious community.

That same year, Fr. John established a new community, the Congregation of Jesus and Mary. His congregation was devoted to the formation of the clergy by founding and conducting diocesan seminaries. The members were dedicated to promoting good seminary training, which would form Christ-like priests. This new aspiration gained the approval of individual bishops. Unfortunately, it also met with immediate opposition, especially from the Jansenists and even some of his former associates. Fr. John founded several seminaries in Normandy. However, he was not able to obtain approval from Rome.

Caring for the lost

In his parish mission work, Fr. John was deeply disturbed by the unfortunate conditions of prostitutes who sought to escape from their miserable lives. He founded temporary shelters; however, the arrangements were not satisfactory. A certain Madeleine Lamy, who had cared for several of the women, one day said to him, “Where are you off to now? To some church, I suppose, where you’ll gaze at the images and think yourself pious. And all the time, what is really wanted of you is a decent house for these poor creatures.” The words and the laughter of those present struck deeply within him. The result was another new religious community, called the Sisters of Charity of the Refuge, to provide a refuge for prostitutes.

John Eudes is probably best known for the central themes of his writings: Jesus as the source of holiness and Mary as the model of the Christian life. He died at Caen on August 19th, 1680. On January 6, 1903, his virtues were declared heroic by Pope Leo XIII. The miracles proposed for his beatification were approved by Pope Pius X on May 3, 1908, and he was beatified on April 25, 1909. He was canonized in 1925. His feast day is August 19.

Five Interesting Facts About St. John Eudes

1. St. John Eudes is the patron saint of missionaries, of the Diocese of Baie-Comeau, and of fallen women and prostitutes.
2. St. John Eudes’ most revered achievement was promoting devotions to the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary.
3. St. John Eudes has been called the “Apostle of the Sacred Heart” because of his deep devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
4. St. John Eudes established the first feasts in honor of the hearts of Jesus and Mary. He was known as the author of the liturgical worship of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary. He even wrote the votive mass and office for their feast day.
5. In Christian art, St. John Eudes is depicted with a burning heart. Sometimes he is also shown holding a crucifix.

Prayer to St. John Eudes

O God, who wonderfully chose the priest Saint John Eudes to proclaim the unfathomable riches of Christ, grant us, by his example and teachings, that, growing in knowledge of you, we may live faithfully by the light of the Gospel. Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit,God, for ever and ever Amen.

When She Lived

Saint Helena is believed to have lived from around 248 AD to 329 AD.

Where She Lived

Saint Helena was born in Drepanum and later resided in Rome, the capital of the Roman Empire.

Notable World Events During Her Life

• The Edict of Milan (313 AD): Emperor Constantine the Great issued the Edict of Milan, which granted religious tolerance to Christians, ending the persecution they had faced for centuries.
• The First Council of Nicaea (325 AD): This ecumenical council aimed to address theological disputes within Christianity and resulted in the formulation of the Nicene Creed, a significant statement of Christian faith.
• Roman Empire’s Split (285-337 AD): During Saint Helena’s lifetime, the Roman Empire was divided into the Western and Eastern Roman Empires. Her son, Constantine, played a pivotal role in this division.
• Emergence of Byzantine Empire: The establishment of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire marked the beginning of the Byzantine Empire’s prominence.
• The Barbarian Invasions: Various Germanic tribes, such as the Visigoths and Vandals, began invading the Roman Empire during this time, leading to significant geopolitical changes.
• Birth of Christianity: Christianity continued to grow in influence, transitioning from a persecuted sect to becoming the state religion of the Roman Empire under Constantine’s rule.

Patronage

Saint Helena is the patron saint of several important aspects, including archaeologists (due to her reputed discovery of the True Cross), converts, difficult marriages (likely due to her own challenging marriage), and the island of Saint Helena. She is also invoked for those seeking the discovery of lost or hidden treasures.

Introduction

Born outside the noble classes at the time, Saint Helena was born around 248 A.D. in present-day Turkey. Saint Helena is also known as Helena and Helena Augusta.

She is one of the most important and notable figures in the history of Christianity, with several churches revering her as a saint and others commemorating her. The churches that revere her include the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, and the Anglican Communion. The Lutheran Church commemorates her.

Little is known about her early life, but her story and how she became so notable are ones to remember. Let’s read on and discover her life story and how she became so important in the faith of Christianity.

Marriage to Emperor Constantius

While the exact date of their meeting is unknown, it is widely believed that Constantius saw Helena as his soulmate, sent by God. Why? At the time of their meeting, Constantius and Helena were wearing identical silver bracelets.

The exact legal nature of the relationship between Saint Helena and Constantius is unknown. Some historians believe that the two lovebirds were in a common-law marriage, while others believe that they were in fact legally married.

Other historians have also found some sources where Saint Helena was called the wife of Constantius, while other sources called her his concubine. Nonetheless, Saint Helena, soon into their relationship, gave birth to the future emperor of Rome while in Serbia.

Born on February 27, around 270 A.D., Constantine I was the only son between Helena and Constantius. Soon after his birth, Constantius divorced Helena and married Theodora. This was done for Constantius to have a wife born into the noble classes and keep up with his rising status in the noble world.

Pilgrimage

The divorce broke Helena, and she lived a life away from being known by the public. It wasn’t until Constantine I took the throne in 306 A.D. that Saint Helena came to live in the public eye again.

Once Constantine I became emperor, Saint Helena was given the title of Augusta Imperatrix.” This gave Helena complete, unlimited access to the imperial treasury and all the resources needed to locate Christian relics.

Once this happened, Saint Helena undertook her pilgrimage to Palestine and its environs. She was also tasked with the beautification of two churches, namely, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem and the Church of Eleona on the Mount of Olives. These churches are the sites of Christ’s birth and ascension, both Holy grounds in the Christian faith.

Saint Helena discovered major relics of the Christian tradition while on her pilgrimage to Palestine and its environs. Some of these major relics included the True Cross, the nails of the crucifixion, the rope used in the crucifixion, and the Holy Tunic.

In 327 A.D., Saint Helena returned to Rome with the relics she had discovered. The relics are housed in her palace’s private chapel, which can still be seen today. She is known as the patron saint of new discoveries for her important discovery of these relics. She is also the patron saint of difficult marriages, divorced people, converts, and archaeologists.

Later, the palace, in which Saint Helena resided, was converted into the Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem.

The Last Years of Saint Helena

Around 330 A.D., beloved Saint Helena passed away with her son at her side. She was buried outside Rome on the Via Labicana, in the Mausoleum of Helena. The sarcophagus of Saint Helena is on display at the Pio-Clementine Vatican Museum, with her granddaughter’s sarcophagus next to it.

5 Interesting Facts About St. Helena

• Her feast day as a saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church is
  celebrated with her son, May 21, known as the “Feast of the Holy Great
  Sovereigns Constantine and Helena, Equal to the Apostles
• While on her pilgrimage, she also stopped in Cyprus. It is said
  that Saint Helena is responsible for the large cat population as she
  ordered for cats to be sent to rid the monastery of snakes.
• The skull of Saint Helena is on display in the Cathedral of Trier.
  in Germany.
• The complete body of Saint Helena is believed to be enshrined.
  under the main altar at the Church of Saint Elizabeth in Venice.
• The statue of Saint Helena can be seen in St. Peter’s Basilica in
  Rome, Italy.

Prayer to St. Helena

Holy and blessed St. Helena, with love and devotion you sought to find the Cross of Our Savior. I plead for your intercession that I may have the same love and devotion to Jesus, my Lord. Like you, may I accept the trials of life with patience and hope? Under your protection, may I carry the Cross that the Lord has given me in this life, and one day may I share with you the Crown of life eternal. St. Helena, finder of the Cross, pray for us. Amen