When they lived:

St. Edmond Rich, also known as St. Edmund of Abingdon, lived during the 13th century.

Where they lived:

St. Edmond Rich was born in Abingdon, England, and spent much of his life in Oxford.

Notable world events during the time of their life:

• The Mongol Empire’s Expansion (1206-1294): In the 13th century, the Mongol Empire led by Genghis Khan and later his descendants continued its unstoppable expansion, conquering vast territories across Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. This event had a significant impact on global trade, cultural exchange, and the spread of ideas.
• The Magna Carta (1215): In the year 1215, the Magna Carta was signed by King John of England, which established certain fundamental rights and liberties for the people. This document marked a crucial step towards the limitation of absolute monarchial power and laid the groundwork for modern constitutional law.
• The Renaissance Emerges (14th – 17th centuries): Though the Renaissance is often associated with the 15th century, its roots can be traced back to the 13th century. This period marked a reawakening of arts, culture, and intellectual pursuits in Europe, leading to groundbreaking advances in various fields like art, literature, and science.
• The Seventh Crusade (1248-1254): During St. Edmond’s lifetime, King Louis IX of France led the Seventh Crusade to the Holy Land, attempting to regain Christian control over Jerusalem and surrounding areas. Although the crusade ultimately failed, it had significant ramifications for the European involvement in the Middle East.
• The First University Colleges Established (13th century): In the 13th century, the world witnessed the emergence of the first university colleges, including the University of Oxford, where St. Edmond Rich studied and later became a prominent lecturer. This period saw a surge in intellectual pursuits and the establishment of institutions of higher learning.

St. Edmond Rich’s patronage:

St. Edmond Rich is the patron saint of the city of Pontignano, Italy. Pontignano holds special significance as it is the place where St. Edmond chose to live as a hermit for a brief period before being called to a life of religious leadership.

As an Archbishop of Canterbury, St. Edmond Rich played a crucial role in the ecclesiastical and educational spheres during his time. He was known for his humility, wisdom, and dedication to the poor, making him a revered figure not only among Catholics but also among people from various walks of life.

The Early Life of St. Edmund Rich

Born to parents Reginald and Mabel Rich around November 20th, 1175, Edmund was the eldest of four children. His father would later retire to monastic life with permission from his wife and Edmund’s mother, a pious and devote woman.

His mother, Mabel, took up the responsibility of training the children, and Edmund probably had his early studies at a school owned by the monks in Abingdon. His mother’s influence helped the young Edmund develop a love for purity.

He loved to learn about religious things and, at 12, made a vow of everlasting chastity before the statue of the Blessed Virgin.

The Career and Priestly Life of St. Edmund Rich

After his earlier studies, St. Edmund proceeded to study further at the University of Paris, France, and sometime around 1200, he started teaching. He lectured actively on mathematics and dialectics in both Oxford and Paris. He also pioneered the study of Aristotle in his time.

Records have it that he was the first to hold a Master of Arts in Oxford, though not the first Doctor of Divinity there. He was fond of praying for long hours at night, which resulted in him often nodding off while lecturing.

Most of his lecturing fees were normally spent on charity, including taking care of the needs of his students.

Due to his mother’s influence, St. Edmund studied theology and began his career as a priest sometime between 1205 and 1210, with some resistance on his part.

Retiring to spend a year in the Augustinian Canons, he was ordained and embarked on a doctorate degree in divinity course. He became famous as a lecturer in theology and an eloquent preacher.

But for his gifts as a preacher and an expositor, this great saint would likely have opted to become a monk. He was appointed as the Vicar of the Parish of Calne in Wiltshire and Treasurer of Salisbury Cathedral sometime between 1219 and 1222.

Archbishop of Canterbury Cathedral

In 1233, St. Edmund reluctantly accepted to become the Archbishop of Canterbury Cathedral under Pope Gregory IX’s appointment. His consecration as archbishop was done on April 2, 1234.

As the archbishop, he was found to admonish the king (Henry III) to heed and follow his father’s examples. He threatened the king with excommunication if he failed to dismiss his foreign councilors, who were his favorites, and the king yielded.

He also went on peace talks with Llewelyn the Great, which turned out to be successful. This eventually turned King Henry III against him.

Due to his truthful nature, regardless of situations, most people were dissatisfied with him, including the King and some monks in his archdiocese. This led to great political discord, with the King usurping his authority by requesting a legate from the Pope.

Despite the political discord and tensions, St. Edmund was faithful in his defense of the church as well as the state. The heightened political discord eventually led him to retire in 1240, when he retired to France and became a monk.

Works of St. Edmund Rich

Beyond defending the rights of the church and state, St. Edmund has two works accredited to him that are still relevant to the church today.

His works are Speculum Ecclesiae, an ancestral treatise, and the Provincial Constitutions.

Death and Canonization of St. Edmund Rich

On November 16, 1240, St. Edmund met his death in Soisy, on his way to Rome to plead his case with the Curia. He was buried at Pontigny Abbey,and miracles were reported to have occurred at his gravesite.

Shortly after his death, his faithful began to clamor for his canonization. King Henry III strongly opposed this. However, barely six years after his death in 1247, he was canonized by Pope Innocent IV. His feast day is the 16th of November.

He is patronized by many in England, including Abingdon, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Portsmouth, and St. Edmund’s College, to name a few.

5 Interesting Facts About St. Edmund Rich

1. Can you believe that St. Edmund’s father, Reginald, chose to become a
   monk even while his mother was still living.
2. The name “Rich” was an epithet given to his father, a wealthy
   merchant and not used for St. Edmund and his siblings.
3. St. Edmund began to see visions when he was still a very young boy.
   in school.
4. He is believed to have received his first vision of Christ as a boy.
   This led to him constantly signing himself with the name” Jesus of
   Nazareth”
5. Did you know St. Edmund’s decision to study theology was because of
   His mother appeared to him in a vision, advising him to do so.

Prayer to St. Edmund Rich

Into Thy hands, O Lord, and into the hands of Thy holy angels, I commit and entrust this day my soul, my relations, my benefactors, my friends, my enemies, and all Thy people. Keep us, O Lord, through the day, by the merits and intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary and all the saints, from all vicious and unruly desires, from all sins and temptations of the devil, and from sudden and unprovided death and the pains of hell. Illuminate my heart with the grace of Thy Holy Spirit; grant that I may ever be obedient to Thy commandments; suffer me not to be separated from Thee, O Lord Jesus Christ, who lives and reigns with God the Father and the Holy Spirit for ever and ever. Amen.

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When they lived:

St. Rose Philippine Duchesne, also known as Saint Rose of Lima, lived during a period of great historical significance. She was born on August 29, 1769, in Grenoble, France, and she passed away on November 18, 1852, in St. Charles, Missouri, USA.

Where they lived:

St. Rose Philippine Duchesne’s life was marked by remarkable geographic mobility. She spent her early years in France, where she joined the Society of the Sacred Heart. Later in life, she ventured to the New World, specifically to the United States, where she became known as the “Woman Who Prays Always.” Her pioneering spirit led her to establish the first Sacred Heart school in America in Florissant, Missouri.

Notable world events during the time of her life:

• American Revolution (1775-1783): St. Rose Philippine Duchesne lived through the American Revolution, a period of intense political and social upheaval in the American colonies. While she was still a child in France at the time, the revolution’s impact rippled across the Atlantic, influencing the world she would eventually inhabit.
• French Revolution (1789-1799): As a young nun in France, St. Rose Philippine Duchesne faced the challenges of the French Revolution, which brought significant changes to French society, including the suppression of religious orders. Her determination to serve her faith in such tumultuous times showcases her unwavering commitment to her vocation.
• Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806): While St. Rose Philippine Duchesne was not directly involved, she lived during the era of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. This pioneering journey expanded the frontiers of knowledge about the American West, a region where she would later carry out her missionary work.
• Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815): The Napoleonic Wars reshaped the political landscape of Europe during St. Rose Philippine Duchesne’s lifetime. They brought both turmoil and opportunity as she worked to establish and expand the Society of the Sacred Heart’s presence in the United States.
• Steam Engine Invention (late 18th to early 19th century): The development of the steam engine revolutionized transportation and industry during St. Rose Philippine Duchesne’s lifetime. This technological advancement played a role in the spread of the Catholic faith as well as her own travels within the United States.
• Missouri Compromise (1820): St. Rose Philippine Duchesne lived during a pivotal moment in American history when the Missouri Compromise was enacted. This legislation aimed to maintain a balance between slave and free states, impacting the social and political landscape of the region where she conducted her missionary work.

Patronage:

St. Rose Philippine Duchesne is the patron saint of several significant causes and groups:

• Catholic Schools: She is the patroness of Catholic schools and educators, reflecting her dedication to providing education to young people and her establishment of the first Sacred Heart school in the United States.
• Religious Freedom: St. Rose Philippine Duchesne’s life was marked by a commitment to her faith in the face of political and social challenges. She is a symbol of perseverance and religious freedom.
• Native Americans: During her time in America, she demonstrated deep respect and care for Native American communities, earning her the title of the “Woman Who Prays Always” among the Potawatomi people. She serves as a patron for Native American rights and reconciliation efforts.

St. Rose Philippine Duchesne’s life is a testament to resilience, faith, and the power of education in times of great historical change. Her legacy continues to inspire and guide those who seek to make a positive impact on the world.

Early Life

Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne was born on August 29, 1769, in France. Her mother, Rose-Euphrosine Périer, was a sister of Claude Perier. On the other hand, her father, Pierre-François Duchesne, was a very prominent lawyer during the Day of the Tiles.

Furthermore, she was the second-eldest daughter of seven daughters and one son. She grew up in a big family home known as the Palace of Justice in Grenoble, France.

Soon after a bout of smallpox attacked Rose Philippine Duchesne in 1781, she was sent with her cousin to the Monastery of Sainte-Marie-d’en-Haut to be educated. This was a very prestigious place to be educated during this time, and only those of high social status were allowed to attend.

While attending the monastery, Rose began to develop a strong attachment to monastic life. This was heavily opposed by her family, and as a result, her father removed her from the school. She was then educated at home with her cousins.

Despite her family’s opposition, in 1788, Rose Philippine Duchesne entered the Visitation of Holy Mary religious order. She was given immediate admission and continued staying with the members of the order until it was shut down during the French Revolution in 1792.

During this time, the nuns and members were dispersed. As a result of this, Rose Philippine Duchesne returned to her family home. She continued her charitable work by attending to those suffering from the French Revolution and those who had been imprisoned in the monastery.

The Works of Rose Philippine Duchesne

In 1801, the churches of France were allowed to continue their work again. Thus, Rose Philippine Duchesne attempted to re-establish the Visitation Monastery alongside the Mother Superior. However, this proved to be an impossible task as the living conditions were not viable for such operations. This is because the original building was used as a military barracks and a prison during the war and was in shambles as a result.

Keeping strong in her faith and not giving up, Rose Philippine Duchesnein, 1804, made an agreement with the founder of the new Society of the Sacred Heart. The founder of the new Society of the Sacred Heart was Madame-Sophie Barat, and together, they merged the Visitation community with the new community.

The two ladies became best friends and worked closely together to make a change in their society. The community they ran educated young women and was an enclosed religious order. In 1815, Rose Philippine Duchesne established a convent in Paris. This convent was known as the Convent of the Sacred Heart. Here, she also opened a school and became the mistress of novices.

It was soon after this that Rose Philippine Duchesne began her missionary work in America. Her first missionary work began in 1818 in Missouri, America. The journey to get to Missouri, America, took a total of seven weeks.

Upon arrival, Rose Philippine Duchesne and her companions immediately established a new Sacred Heart convent. It was here that they also opened a school and a novitiate. At first, the convent faced several issues, including a lack of funds, inadequate housing, hunger, and freezing weather. It was not until the Sacred Heart community was well established that they overcame these problems.

Another notable mission done by Rose Philippine Duchesne and her companions was that to Kansas in 1841. Rose Philippine Duchesne and her companions joined the Jesuits on their mission to Father Christian Hoecken in eastern Kansas. At the age of 71, this mission took its toll on Rose Philippine Duchesne. However, she was determined to help the Native Americans.

While on this mission, Rose Philippine Duchesne was nicknamed “Quahkahkanumad, which translates as Woman Who Prays Always, by the local community. This is because, due to her elderly age, she was unable to teach. Therefore, she spent the majority of her time in prayer.

The Death of Saint Rose, Philippine Duchesne

On November 18, 1852, at the age of 83, Rose Philippine Duchesne passed away in Missouri. Once her health began declining, she returned to St.Charles, Missouri. Here, she lived in a room under the stairway near the chapel for approximately a decade. She was alone, going blind, and feeble in her last few months.

She is remembered as the patron saint of perseverance and adversity. On July 3, 1988, Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne was canonized by Pope John Paul II in Vatican City.

5 Interesting Facts About St. Rose Philippine Duchesne

1. Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne is venerated in the Roman Catholic Church.
   Church, with her feast day celebrated on November 18.
2. In her memory, there is a major shrine for Saint Rose.
   Philippine Duchesne. The shrine can still be seen today in Missouri.
   United States of America.
3. Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne was beatified on May 12, 1940, in the
   Vatican City, by Pope Pius XII.
4. Her uncle was Claude Perier, an industrialist who helped finance
   the rise to power of Napoleon.
5. Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne’s cousin, Casimir, later became the
   Prime Minister of France

Prayer to St. Rose, Philippine Duchesne

When we are asked to be bold and courageous, you are our inspiration. When our imaginations dream and see beyond the limits of our sight, you are our hope. When we fail to meet a challenge and need to accept our limitations, you are our model. When we pray with the desire for deep union with God, you are our saint. And with your blessing, to the greater glory of God, we seek to be loving people who live and serve others with your same purpose, vision, and quiet humility. Amen.

St. Albert the Great

When he lived:

St. Albert the Great lived from approximately 1193 to 1280.

Where he lived:

St. Albert the Great resided in various locations throughout his life, primarily in Germany. He was born in Lauingen, a small town in Bavaria, and spent his early years in the vicinity. Later, he pursued his education in Padua, Italy, and eventually settled in Cologne, Germany, where he taught and held important positions within the Catholic Church.

Notable world events during the time of his life:

• The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204): The Fourth Crusade, initiated by Pope Innocent III, aimed to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslim control. However, it deviated from its original goal, resulting in the sacking of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, in 1204. This event had far-reaching consequences for both the Christian and Byzantine worlds.
• The signing of the Magna Carta (1215): In 1215, King John of England reluctantly signed the Magna Carta, a groundbreaking document that established certain rights and limitations on the monarchy. It laid the foundation for constitutional law and influenced the development of democratic principles worldwide.
• The Mongol Empire (1206-1368): During St. Albert’s lifetime, the Mongol Empire, led by Genghis Khan and later his successors, rapidly expanded across Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The empire’s conquests reshaped the political landscape, fostered cultural exchanges, and influenced future historical developments.
• The Renaissance (14th-17th centuries): While St. Albert lived toward the end of the Middle Ages, his era witnessed the beginnings of the Renaissance, a period marked by a renewed interest in art, science, and humanism. Intellectual advancements, artistic achievements, and cultural transformations were taking place in various parts of Europe.

His patronage:

St. Albert the Great is widely revered as the patron saint of scientists, philosophers, and theologians. His immense contributions to the fields of natural philosophy, theology, and education have made him an inspirational figure for those seeking knowledge, understanding, and intellectual pursuits. Additionally, he is often invoked by students, teachers, and scholars for guidance and wisdom in their studies and intellectual endeavors.

Early Life

Also known as Albert Magnus or Albert of Cologne, St. Albert was born sometime before 1200, and he died in 1280 in the Dominican convent in Cologne. Facts about his life aren’t well documented, so most areas make assumptions. The exact year of his birth is not known, but some sources claim that he was 87 years old at the time of his death. That is why 1193 is commonly given as his year of birth. He was probably born in Lauingen since he referred to himself as Albert of Lauingen, but there is also a probability that Lauingen could have just been his family name. There is also a probability that he came from a religious family.

His Work as a Lecturer

St. Albert probably attended the University of Padua, where he received instruction from Aristotle’s writings. He was a philosopher and Catholic friar from Germany who filled the position of a lecturer at Cologne in Germany, and he taught for several years there. During his first tenure as a lecturer, he wrote his Summa de Bono. In 1245, he became the master of theology under Geuric of Saint Quentin, who was the first German to achieve this distinction.

Following how things turned out, St. Albert went on to become a full-time professor at the University of Paris. While he was there, he made Aristotle’s writings accessible to broader academic debates by commenting on them. He also studied and commented on the teachings of Muslim academics, and this brought him into academic debate. He answered what he deemed to be the errors of the Islamic philosopher Averroes.

In 1254, he became provincial of the Dominican Order and fulfilled his duties satisfactorily. He publicly defended the Dominicans from attacks by the regular faculty of the University of Paris. In 1259, he took part in the general chapter of the Dominicans at Velenciennes with others, and they established a program of studies for the Dominicans. They made the study of philosophy an innovation for those not sufficiently trained to study theology.

In 1260, he was made bishop of Regensburg by Pope Alexander IV. He refused to ride on a horse and walked long distances on foot, thereby enhancing his reputation for humility. He became affectionately known as “Boots the Bishop.” After resigning in 1263, Pope Urban asked him to preach at the eighth crusade in the German-speaking countries.

His Contributions

St. Albert was the founder of Germany’s oldest university in Cologne, and he was also known as the mediator between conflicting parties. As someone who was a scientist, a theologian, a philosopher, an ecumenist, an astrologer, a spiritual writer, and a diplomat, he molded the curriculum of all Dominican students. During his time, he was known as “Doctor Universalis.” Some scholars even refer to him as the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages.

He had encyclopedic knowledge of topics such as logic, theology, botany,geography, astronomy, astrology, mineralogy, alchemy, zoology, music therapy, physiology, phrenology, justice, law, friendship, and love. and deeply studied and preserved Aristotle’s work. His knowledge of natural science was astonishingly accurate for his age. St. Albert invented entire special sciences where Aristotle had not covered a topic, and this knowledge of different fields earned him the title Doctor Universalis.

Some reports from years after his death claim that St. Albert was a magician, but that confusion was fueled by alchemical works that were falsely attributed to him in an attempt to increase prestige through association.

Legacy

The Catholic Church recognizes him as one of the 36 Doctors of the Church, and he is the patron saint of natural scientists, medical technicians, philosophers, and scientists. His feast day is on November 15.

His relics are in a Roman sarcophagus in St. Andreas Church in Cologne.

St. Albert was beatified in 1622 and canonized and proclaimed the Doctor of the Church on the 16th of December 1931.

He is credited with a Dominican habit, mitre, book, and quill. A number of schools have been named after him.

6 Interesting Facts About St. Albert the Great

1. St. Albert is reported to have had an encounter with the Blessed
   Virgin Mary, who convinced him to enter the Holy Order.
2. During his later days in life, St. Albert had the sobriquet Magnus.
   appended to his name.
3. St. Albert was the first to comment on the works of Aristotle.
4. St. Albert is responsible for “the big verdict,” which brought an
   end to the conflict between the citizens of Cologne and the
   archbishop.
5. St. Albert and Aquinas’ thirty years of work allowed for
   Aristotle’s’ work should be in the Dominican schools’ curriculum.
6. He discovered the element arsenic.

Prayer to St. Albert the Great

Let us pray, O God, who did richly adorn St. Albert with your heavenly gifts and decorated him with all virtues, grant that, following in his footsteps, we may persevere in your service until death and securely obtain an everlasting reward. Through Jesus Christ, your Son, our Lord Amen.

 

St. Lawrence O’Toole: The Miraculous Soul of Medieval Ireland

• When they lived: St. Lawrence O’Toole, also known as Lorcan Ua Tuathail, was born in 1128 in County Kildare, Ireland.
• Where they lived: St. Lawrence O’Toole spent most of his life in the heartland of Ireland, drawing inspiration from the mystical Irish countryside.
• Notable world events during the time of their life:
  1. The Battle of Hastings (1066): William the Conqueror’s victory at Hastings reshaped the course of British history.
  2. The First Crusade (1096-1099): European Christians embarked on a sacred pilgrimage to reclaim the Holy Land.
  3. The founding of the University of Bologna (1088): The oldest university in continuous operation came into being, shaping modern education.
  4. The signing of the Magna Carta (1215): This document laid the groundwork for constitutional law and individual rights.
• Their patronage: St. Lawrence O’Toole is revered as the patron saint of Dublin, the capital city of Ireland.

Pronunciation

The Irish will call him Lorcan Ua Tuathali, the French will go with Laurent d’EU, and the English will simply say Lawrence O’Toole. Whichever variant you prefer, this Irish saint-prince who became a hostage at ten experienced excruciating difficulties that he knew and understood what being in lack meant.

The Sad Young Prince

Lorcan, or Lawrence, was born in 1128 at Castledermont, Kilkea, Ireland. The youngest of four sons of King Maurice of Hy Murray and Mother O’ByrneThe family resided in Maistiu, now County Kildare.

Lawrence’s father fell out with Dermont Mac Murrogh, the King of Leinster, and in exchange for peace, Lawrence was handed over to King Dermont as a hostage by his father. Lawrence was just ten. At the hands of Dermont, poor Lawrence was treated inhumanly.

For two years, the boy was in chains, ill-housed, and barely fed. Lawrence’s condition was so pitiful that his father compelled the king to release him to a monastery in Glendalough where he could reclaim him.

Breath of fresh air

Lawrence was released to the Bishop of Glendalough, the monastery’s abbot in the County of Wicklow, who cared for him. He received an amonastic education and decided to become a monk. His father, on arrival,realized his son had fallen in love with the church and gave Lawrence his blessing.

For 13 years, Lawrence lived in the monastery, studying and practicing a life of holiness that was so clear to everyone in his community. The young man was a model of virtue. When the Bishop of Glendalough passed away, the congregation unanimously appointed Lawrence the Abbot of the monastery. Lawrence was just about 25.

Being young and holy definitely came with its perks. Lawrence led the community with so much wisdom and prudence that he was regarded as Glendalough’s greatest abbot since its founder, Kelvin. He opened the monastery doors to the poor and people in need. When famine broke out,he sold the monastery’s properties to cater to the people’s needs.

A Higher Calling Beckons

In 1160, Lawrence was called upon to serve as the bishop of Glendalough,a position he rejected with all humility, citing his unworthiness. Still,when the See of Dublin became vacant the following year, Lawrence was chosen as the Archbishop of Dublin.

Lawrence was just about 33 years old in 1162 when he was consecrated as the Metropolitan See of Dublin. He played a prominent role in the 12th-century reformation of the Irish church and encouraged the people of Dublin to become true Christians in words and action.

He laid the foundation of Holy Trinity Cathedral, now Christ Church, and invited Augustinian monks from France to help in the spiritual formation of priests and the people of the diocese. Lawrence saw the rebuilding of many churches in Dublin.

In all of these, he never neglected the needs of the needy and poor he never neglected.Dublin was in great economic trouble, with some parents abandoning their children. Lawrence set up a care center for the left-over and orphaned children.

Mediator in Politics

When the Anglo-Normans besieged the city of Dublin under their leader Strongbow, Lawrence braved the odds to go to the enemy camp to negotiate peace. While he was still talking with the Norman leader, some knights forcefully entered the city, killing and looting.

Lawrence ran back to the city to stop the slaughter. He administered spiritual consolation to the wounded, encouraged the city’s defenders,and helped bury the dead. He never gave up until peace was brokered.

As a negotiator, Lawrence was respected by all, Vikings and Normans alike. He always comes in when difficult situations arise. In 1179, he led five bishops to the Third Lateran Council in Rome. Pope Alexander 111, impressed by him, made him a papal legate.

He made travels suing for peace between countries, especially to England under King Henry 11. In a peace treaty with England in 1180, he took the throne.

Peacemaker Until the End

Lawrence arrived in England to settle a dispute between Henry 11 and King Roderic of Ireland. He was detained at Abingdon Abbey for three weeks and followed the king to Normandy, still seeking peace. But King Henry wouldn’t see him.

It was in Normandy that he took ill and was taken to the Abbey of St.Victor Eu. Lawrence died on November 14, 1180, and was buried at the monastery of Eu, Normandy.

His tomb at Eu soon became a pilgrimage center, and many miracles were attributed to his intercession.

On December 11, 1225, Pope Honorius 111 canonized him as a saint, 45 years after his death.

5 Interesting Facts About St. Lawrence O’Toole

1. Do you know his favorite place in the world is a cave between rocks?
   and a deep lake near the monastery of Glendalough? Yearly, he took
   off 40 days from his schedule to spend his retreat at the cave.
2. Lawrence is honored as the Patron of Dublin for his defense and
   protection of Dublin whenever it mattered.
3. When Lawrence finds himself at the dinner table with others, he
   would color his water to make it look like wine. He doesn’t drink.
   and disliked drawing attention to himself.
4. A man of history Lawrence was the firstborn Irish Bishop of Dublin.
   Dublin at his time was ruled by the Norwegians.
5. He stopped the bleeding on his head with holy water and carried on.
   with celebrating Mass. This event took place in England. While he
   As he approached the altar to officiate, he was attacked by a maniac.

Prayer to St. Lawrence O’Toole

There is no official prayer for this saint.

 

St. Frances Xavier Cabrini

When they lived:

St. Frances Xavier Cabrini lived from July 15, 1850, to December 22, 1917.

Where they lived:

St. Frances Xavier Cabrini was born in Lombardy, Italy, in a small village called Sant’Angelo Lodigiano. However, she spent most of her life as a missionary in the United States.

Notable world events during the time of their life:

• 1861-1865: American Civil War: While Cabrini was still a teenager, the United States was embroiled in a brutal and devastating Civil War. The conflict had a significant impact on the nation, shaping its history and laying the groundwork for important social and political changes.
• 1889: Eiffel Tower Inauguration: A marvel of engineering and an iconic symbol of France, the Eiffel Tower was officially opened on March 31, 1889, in Paris. This event marked the world’s tallest man-made structure at the time and became a testament to human innovation and architectural excellence.
• 1895: Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen’s Discovery of X-Rays: In November 1895, German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered X-rays while experimenting with cathode rays. This groundbreaking scientific revelation revolutionized medicine and laid the foundation for diagnostic radiology, enabling doctors to visualize internal structures of the human body non-invasively.
• 1903: Wright Brothers’ First Powered Flight: On December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright achieved the first controlled, sustained powered flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Their invention of the airplane marked a pivotal moment in human history, opening up new possibilities for global travel and connecting people across continents.
• 1912: Sinking of the RMS Titanic: On April 15, 1912, the RMS Titanic, a luxurious British passenger liner, famously sank after colliding with an iceberg on its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. The tragic disaster shocked the world and led to significant advancements in maritime safety regulations.

Their patronage:

St. Frances Xavier Cabrini is the patron saint of immigrants, orphans, and hospital administrators. Her dedication to serving Italian immigrants in the United States and her tireless efforts in establishing schools, hospitals, and orphanages earned her this patronage. As an inspiring figure who dedicated her life to helping those in need, she continues to be venerated as a symbol of compassion, courage, and care for the marginalized and underserved communities.

Early life

Born two months prematurely on July 15, 1850, and dying on December 22, 1917, St. Frances Xavier Cabrini was born Maria Francesca Cabrini. She was the youngest of thirteen children, and her parents were farmers. Of the thirteen children born to her parents, only four of them survived beyond adolescence. Because of her premature birth, she had fragile health throughout her life.

She is also known as Mother Cabrini, and she was a Roman Catholic nun of Italian-American origins. When she was thirteen years old, she attended a school run by the Daughters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and she graduated five years later with a teaching certificate.

Call to Service

St. Frances’ parents died in 1870, and after their deaths, she applied to be admitted to the Daughters of the Sacred Heart at Arluno. She was applying to join her former teachers, and unfortunately, they were reluctant, and they told her that she was too frail for their lives.

St. Frances then went on to become the headmistress of the House of Providence, which was an orphanage in Codogno. When she was there, she taught a small community of women to live religious lives. In 1877, she took religious vows and added Xavier to her name; this was in honor of the Jesuit saint Francis Xavier, the patron saint of missionary service.

Missionary Work

St. Frances was the founding member of the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. This is a Catholic religious institute that provided significant support to her fellow Italian immigrants who were moving to the United States of America. It was founded in 1880 in collaboration with seven other women. St. Frances composed the rules and constitution of this religious institute, and she was its superior general up until the time of her death.

The sisters of this order took in orphans and foundlings. They opened a day school to help pay her expenses, and they started classes in needlework and sold their fine embroidery to earn a little more money. In its initial five years, they were able to establish seven homes, a free school, and a nursery. The institute’s good works brought St. Francesto to the attention of Giovani Scalabrini and Pope Leo XIII.

In 1887, St. Frances went to seek the Pope’s approval to establish a mission in China. The Pope instead urged her to go to the United States and help with the Italian immigrants who were flooding there in great poverty. She arrived in New York on March 31 along with six other sisters. She encountered disappointments as the archbishop there was not immediately supportive; the archbishop found them housing at the convent of the Sisters of Charity and gave them permission to found the Sacred Heart Orphan Asylum in West Park, New York.

St. Frances organized catechism and education classes for the immigrants. They also provided for the needs of orphans. Even though the odds were against her, she managed to establish schools and orphanages. Not only was she prayerful, but she was also resourceful, as she managed to find people who would donate what she needed, be it money, time, or labor. She founded the Columbus Hospital in New York, which operated until its closure in 2008.

The sisters opened many hospitals in Chicago and 67 missionary institutions that served the sick and the poor. They offered their services in Chicago, New York, Seattle, New Orleans, Denver, Colorado, and many other cities. They also had these institutions in Latin America and Europe.

Her Death

At the age of 67, St. Frances died from malaria complications in Chicago, Illinois. Her body was exhumed in 1933, and the remains were divided as part of the process towards her sainthood; however, most of her body is at her shrine in New York. Her beatification miracle involved restoring the sight of a baby who had been blinded by silver nitrate solution.

When St. Frances was canonized, an estimated 120 000 people were present for a mass of thanksgiving.

Legacy

St. Frances is the patron saint of immigrants and hospital administrators. She is also informally recognized as the effective intermediary for finding parking spaces, and this is because she lived in New York; therefore, she knows about the traffic there.

The sisters now operate in seventeen countries across the world.

She was venerated in the Roman Catholic Church, and she was canonized by Pope Pius XII in November 1938.

In the United States, her feast day is celebrated on November 13, and in the rest of the world, her feast day is December 22.

There are a lot of shrines, churches, hospitals, and educational institutions named in her honor across America, Italy, and England.

Starting in 2020, Colorado will rename its Columbus Day state holiday as “Cabrini Day.

6 Interesting Facts About St. Frances Xavier Cabrini

1. St. Frances was the first U.S. citizen to be canonized as a saint by
   the Roman Catholic Church.
2. When St. Frances graduated from the Daughters of the Sacred Heart
   of Jesus, she graduated cum laude.
3. The ministries she founded served the sick and the poor before the
   Government agencies provided extensive social services.
4. St. Frances became a U.S. citizen in 1909.
5. St. Frances’ dream of doing missionary work in China was
   fulfilled by the sisters long after her death; however, it was not for
   long as they had to leave after a religious upheaval there.
6. She died while preparing Christmas candy for the local children.

Prayer to St. Frances Xavier Cabrini

Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini, woman of God and disciple of Christ, offered the people you met the gifts of life and love by responding to their physical, emotional, and spiritual needs in practical and creative ways. Inspired by your confidence in God and your compassion, love, and sense of justice, we ask you to accompany us as we work to respond to the urgent needs of our sisters and brothers fleeing their home countries in search of refuge and peace. Teach us. Pray for us. Amen

Life and Dedication

Saint Abraham was popularly known in the Bible as God’s best friend. He’s one of the oldest Christian patriarchs.

Saint Abraham was initially known as Abram. He was born in Ur, which is now known as modern-day Iraq, around 2000 B.C.His father’s name was Terah.

When Abraham was young, his father moved the family down to Harlan, which is now modern-day Turkey. Abraham believed in God even as a child and lived his life to please him.

After his father died, Abrahan was said to have been instructed by God to move onward to Canaan. He was promised abundance to live on and a prosperous generation.

As a man who genuinely believed in God’s words, he did exactly as he was told. He traveled on to Canaan with his wife Sarah, who was then known as Sarai, his nephew, and his servants.

They settled in Canaan and lived a prosperous life for a while. Their happiness was cut short by a famine that drove them out of the land.

Abraham and his family traveled on to Egypt, where they lived for awhile. They then moved back to Canaan when Abraham was old..

Sarah has also grown very old and was saddened by the fact that she had no child to call her own. Agitated and anxious for a child, Sarah decided that she could wait no longer.

She convinced a reluctant Abraham to lay with her maid Hagar. Sarah discovered that Hagar was pregnant and was bitter with rage and jealousy.

Instead of the happiness that she thought she would feel for this baby that she was going to adopt, she treated Hagar with cruelty. Hagar soon gave birth to a son named Ishmael.

Abraham and Sarah received strange guests one day. They cared for the men by giving them a place to lay and serving them fresh fruits and wine.

These men turned out to be angels of God and announced to Abraham that, in a while, Sarah would take in a son. Sarah, who was eavesdropping, heard them and laughed out loud.

To her surprise, however, Sarah took it in at the stipulated time. She gave birth to a boy, whom she cherished with her whole heart. She named this child Isaac.

It is recorded that Sarah’s disdain for Hagar and Ishmael only increased. For the safety of Hagar and her child and also to appease Sarah, Abraham set Hagar free and sent her far away.

It is said that God promised to protect Hagar and the child.

Legacy

Saint Abraham lived happily with his family until he heard shocking news from God years later. God commanded Abraham to make an altar and sacrifice his son on it.

Although sad, Saint Abraham chose to have complete faith in God and did as he was told. He built an altar and led his only child like a ram to be slaughtered.

It is recorded that as Saint Abraham tried to slaughter his son, he suddenly heard a thunderous voice. It was God commanding him not to sacrifice his son anymore.

The saint was said to have praised God. God’s love was free for him, and he once again promised Abraham a descendant that would be as numerous as the grains of sand on the ground.

Instead of the son he had waited for all his life, Saint Abraham was made to sacrifice a ram instead.

Saint Abraham is mentioned in the New Testament as an ancestor of the Lord Jesus Christ. His name is used in the Roman Catholic Church as part of mass and other prayers.

Death

He died at the age of 175 years. He is celebrated on the 9th of October in the Roman Catholic Church and Lutheran Churches.

5 Interesting Facts About St. Abraham

1. Did you know that Saint Abraham is venerated in Christianity?
   Judaism and Islam?
2. Did you know that Saint Abraham’s full name was Abram Ben Terah?
3. Did you know that Saint Abraham’s father, Terah, was the ninth in
   descent from Noah?
4. Did you know that Saint Abraham was 70 years old when he left Ur?
5. Did you know that Saint Abraham was part of a race of Semites?

Prayer to St. Abraham

Abraham, your faith has conquered all evil, offering food to the three angels; you are willing to offer your beloved son Isaac to show your precious obedience to God Almighty. By this faith, you have shown how little we know, how corrupt, and how selfish we are towards God. Please pray for us, for we are weak and sinful. Please carry us in your blanket, which contains all the souls of believers, thanks to your humble and gracious first reaction to God. Amen.

Source:[https://www.communityofhopeinc.org/Prayer%20Pages/Saints/abraham.html]{.ul}

St. Bruno – Founder of the Carthusian Order

When he lived:

St. Bruno, known as the founder of the Carthusian Order, lived during the 11th century, from 1030 to 1101.

Where he lived:

St. Bruno’s life was shaped in various locations across Europe, but he is most famously associated with the Chartreuse Mountains in southeastern France. It was in this breathtakingly scenic setting that he established the first Carthusian monastery, the Grande Chartreuse, in 1084.

Notable world events during the time of his life:

1. The Norman Conquest (1066): In 1066, the famous Battle of Hastings took place, resulting in the Norman Conquest of England. William the Conqueror’s victory changed the course of history and had a profound impact on European politics and culture.
2. The Investiture Controversy (1075-1122): A significant conflict arose between the papacy and secular rulers over the right to appoint church officials. This power struggle had a lasting effect on the relationship between religious and secular authorities in medieval Europe.
3. The First Crusade (1096-1099): This remarkable event saw European Christians embark on a military campaign to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. The capture of Jerusalem in 1099 marked the end of the First Crusade and triggered a series of crusades that would last for centuries.
4. The Battle of Manzikert (1071): The Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantine Empire, resulting in the loss of Anatolia. This event marked a turning point in the Byzantine-Seljuk relations and further weakened the Byzantine Empire’s control over the region.
5. The University of Bologna (Founded around 1088): While not an event per se, the establishment of the University of Bologna during St. Bruno’s lifetime became one of the oldest and most influential universities in Europe. It played a pivotal role in the development of European higher education.
6. The Domesday Book (1086): In England, William the Conqueror commissioned the Domesday Book to assess the extent of his newly acquired kingdom’s wealth and taxable resources. The book provides invaluable historical information on medieval England.

His patronage:

St. Bruno is venerated as the patron saint of several important causes. These include:

• Calming storms: It is believed that he intercedes on behalf of those seeking protection and safety during turbulent times, both literal and metaphorical.
• Bruno also serves as the patron saint of the Carthusian Order, the monastic community he founded. The Carthusians, known for their contemplative and austere way of life, continue to be guided by St. Bruno’s spiritual legacy.

St. Bruno’s life and the events of his time were marked by significant upheavals and transformative developments. His dedication to a life of prayer and solitude amidst the bustling historical events makes him a fascinating figure to explore, even today.

Early life

St. Bruno, also known as St. Bruno of Cologne, was born in 1030 and died in 1101. He was the founder of the Carthusian Order. He belonged to the family of Hartenfaust, which was one of the principal families of the city.

Not much is known about St. Bruno’s childhood. The only information available is that he studied theology in the present-day French city of Reims. After studying, he returned to his native land in Cologne, where he was ordained a priest around 1055 and was provided with canonry at St. Cunibert’s.

Life as a Leader

In 1056, St. Bruno was recalled by Bishop Gervais to Reims, and the following year he was made head of the Episcopal School. His post involved being the director of the school and overseeing all the educational establishments of the diocese. He was the leader for eighteen years, and he maintained the prestige that the school of Reimshad attained under its former masters.

During his leadership, St. Bruno acquired an excellent reputation as an atheist and philosopher. Among his students were some prominent figures such as Pope Urban II, the Bishop of Langres, the Bishop of Reggio, and Robert. The school also produced a large number of prelates and abbots.

In 1075, St. Bruno was appointed chancellor of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims. His duties included the daily administration of the diocese. During that time, the pious bishop was succeeded by Mnasses de Gournai, who was a violent aristocrat without any real vocation for the church.

In 1077, St. Bruno discreetly avoided the cathedral city until 1080. This was a result of a conflict that was sparked when St. Bruno and the clergy at Reims urged for the suspension of de Gournai. De Gournai did not take the suspension lying down; he in fact had his retainers pull down the houses of his accusers and confiscate their goods. A popular riot by the masses compelled de Gournai to withdraw and seek refuge with Henry IV.

Other Forms of Service

St. Bruno left Reims and placed himself and his companions under the direction of Robert of Molesme, and they formed the Cistercians in 1098 with a band of other hermits. He, however, realized that it was not his vocation. He went with six of his companions to Hugh of Chateauneuf, the bishop of Grenoble, who installed them as the first lay brothers.

These lay brothers built an oratory with small individual cells where they lived isolated in poverty, fully occupied in prayer and study. They were frequently honored by the visits of St. Hugh, who became like one of them.

In 1090, St. Bruno was called to Rome by one of his former students, Eudes of Chatillon, who had become a pope. The pope needed competent and devoted allies to continue the work of reform commenced by Gregory VII. There is no information on the exact position he occupied in Rome because it is confidential. He worked as an advisor, but he was wisely kept in the background.

Even though St. Bruno would have preferred to return to his solitary life, he had to remain in Italy near the papal court, to which he could be called in need. In 1091, St. Bruno and some of his followers constructed a little wooden chapel and cabins in a small forested high valley in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Squillace, and they lived there a life of prayer and devotion.

At the turn of a new century, St. Bruno’s companions died one after the other, and Bruno followed on October 6, 1101 in Sierra San Bruno.

Legacy

St. Bruno was venerated in the Roman Catholic Church; she was beatified by Pope Leo X in 1514, and he was canonized in February 1623 by Pope Gregory XV.

St. Bruno’s Feast Day is celebrated on the 6th of October, and he is attributed with holding the skull with a book and a cross with a Carthusian habit. He may be crowned with a halo of seven stars.

He is known as the patron saint of Germany, Calabria, monastic fraternities, Carthusians, trade marks, Ruthenia, and possessed people.

St. Bruno’s disciples praised him for his three talents: his great spirit of prayer, extreme mortification, and devotion to the Blessed Virgin.

5 Interesting Facts About St. Bruno

1. St. Bruno founded the first two communities of the Carthusian
   Order.
2. St. Bruno refused to be appointed a bishop and instead opted for
   his solitary life.
3. Bishop Grenoble had a vision of St. Bruno before he visited.
   him.
4. After the death of St. Bruno, a servant was sent to travel through
   Italy, France, Germany, and England announced his death.
5. St. Bruno was never formally canonized because of the Carthusian Order.
   maintains a strict observance of humility; he was just included in the
   General Roman Calendar

Prayer to St. Bruno

Father, you called Saint Bruno to serve you in solitude. In answer to his prayers, help us to remain faithful to You amid the changes of this world. We ask this through Our Lord Jesus Christ, Your Son, who lives and reigns with You and the Holy Spirit, one God, forever and ever. Amen.

 

St. Martin of Tours

When they lived:

St. Martin of Tours, also known as Martin the Merciful or Martin of Tours, lived from AD 316 to AD 397.

Where they lived:

St. Martin of Tours was born in Sabaria, Pannonia (modern-day Szombathely, Hungary), and he spent much of his life in what is now France.

Notable world events during the time of their life:

• Roman Empire’s Decline: During St. Martin’s life, the Roman Empire was experiencing significant political, economic, and military challenges, leading to its eventual decline and fragmentation.
• Barbarian Invasions: The 4th century was marked by numerous invasions of barbarian tribes into the Roman Empire, which further weakened its borders and contributed to its eventual collapse.
• Edict of Milan: In AD 313, the Edict of Milan was issued, granting religious tolerance to Christians within the Roman Empire, significantly improving the situation for Christians like St. Martin.
• Council of Nicaea: In AD 325, the First Council of Nicaea was convened, addressing theological disputes and leading to the formulation of the Nicene Creed, which remains an essential statement of Christian faith.
• Life of St. Augustine: St. Augustine of Hippo, one of the most influential Christian theologians, lived during the same time as St. Martin. His works profoundly impacted Christian philosophy and doctrine.
• Fall of Rome: After St. Martin’s death, the Western Roman Empire faced further turmoil and eventually fell in AD 476, marking the end of ancient Rome.

Patronage:

St. Martin of Tours is the patron saint of several diverse causes, including soldiers, conscientious objectors, beggars, tailors, winemakers, geese, and the country of France. His life as a soldier-turned-bishop, his acts of compassion, and his dedication to serving the poor and marginalized have inspired people from various walks of life to seek his intercession.

 

A Soldier of Christ

Martin was born to pagan parents in modern-day Hungary around the year 316. His family left that region when his father, who was a military official of the Roman Empire, was sent to Italy. Though his parents were pagans, Martin had an attraction to the Christian faith, which, in 313, had become legal throughout the empire.

However, when he was fifteen years old, Martin was forced to serve in the army. During that time, he became a catechumen and received religious instruction. He was baptized at the age of eighteen. It was said that while he was serving in the Roman army, he lived more like a monk than a soldier. He even considered becoming a hermit in the desert.

When he was twenty-three, he refused a war bonus and told his commander that he refused to fight because he wanted to become a soldier of Christ. After great difficulties, Martin was discharged from his duties and went to be a disciple of St. Hilary of Poitiers.

The Reluctant Bishop

Martin was ordained an exorcist and worked with great zeal and dedication against the Arians. He eventually became a monk, living first in Milan and later on on a small island. In 360, when St. Hilary was reinstated to his see after his exile, Martin returned to France and founded what may have been the first French monastery near Poitiers on a piece of land granted to him by St. Hilary. He lived there for ten years, formed his disciples, and preached throughout the countryside.

However, the people of Tours insisted that he leave the monastery to become their bishop. Martin had not wanted to become a bishop. He hesitantly allowed himself to be consecrated bishop. Once he transferred to Tours, he continued to live as a monk, dressed plainly, and had no personal possessions. He traveled throughout the diocese, from which he is said to have driven out pagan practices.

The Shepherd Has Left His Flock

Even in his twilight years, Martin continued to live a life of austerity and was focused on the care of souls. His biographer and disciple, Sulpicius Severus, noted that Martin helped all people with their intellectual, moral, and spiritual dilemmas. He also helped a lot of laypeople discover their calling to the consecrated life of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

Martin foresaw his own death and told his disciples about it. But when his last illness came upon him during a pastoral journey, the bishop felt uncertain about leaving his people. “Lord, if I am still necessary to thy people, I refuse no labor. Thy holy will be done,” he prayed. He developed a fever but did not sleep, passing his last several nights in the presence of God in prayer.

In 397, Martin died in France at the age of 8. At his request, he was buried in a cemetery with the poorest of the poor. Soon, pilgrims traveled to his grave at Tours. Today in many countries in Europe, St. Martin’s feast day is celebrated widely. His feast day is November 11.

Five Interesting Facts About St. Martin of Tours

1. St. Martin of Tours is the patron saint of France, the father of monasticism in Gaul (France), and the first great leader of Western monasticism.
2. St. Martin of Tours became renowned for raising two people from the dead through his prayers.
3. One day, when St. Martin of Tours was not yet baptized, while he was on horseback in Amiens, Gaul, St. Martin of Tours encountered a beggar, freezing and without warm clothing. St. Martin stopped, cut his own cloak in half, and gave it to the beggar. That night, he had a vision of Jesus wearing the cloak that he gave to the beggar and saying, “Martin, a catechumen, has clothed Me with this garment.”
4. During the Medieval Ages, St. Martin’s cloak (cappa) became a relic that French kings would take into battle. The person whose job it was to care for the cloak was often a priest, and he was called a “cappellani”. It is from this that the word “chaplain” was derived.
5. St. Martin of Tours became a bishop because he was tricked! A wealthy citizen of Tours claimed that his wife was ill and asked for Martin. Tricked by this ruse, Martin went to the city, where he was declared bishop by popular acclamation.

Prayer to St. Martin of Tours

O God, who is glorified in the Bishop Saint Martin both by his life and death, make new, we pray, the wonders of your grace in our hearts, that neither death nor life may separate us from your love. Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever Amen.

St. Cornelius – A Pillar of Faith Amidst Worldly Turmoil

When they lived:

St. Cornelius lived during the tumultuous and transformative era of the third century. Born in 200 AD, his life spanned
through a period of immense challenges and profound changes in the Roman Empire.

Where they lived:

St. Cornelius resided in the city of Rome, which was not only the capital of the Roman Empire but also the heart of
the Christian community during his time.

Notable world events during the time of their life:

1. The Crisis of the Third Century (235-284 AD): During this time, the Roman Empire faced an
   unprecedented series of crises, including political instability, economic downturns, and external invasions.
   These challenges deeply affected the lives of people in the empire, providing a backdrop of chaos against
   which St. Cornelius’ faith and leadership would shine.
2. The Rise of Christianity: The third century saw Christianity steadily gaining popularity and
   recognition in the Roman Empire. St. Cornelius was a prominent figure in the early Christian Church, playing a
   vital role in its growth during this crucial period.
3. Birth of Aurelian Wall (271 AD): Emperor Aurelian initiated the construction of the famous
   Aurelian Wall around Rome. The wall served as a protective barrier against invading forces and marked a
   significant architectural feat of the time.
4. The Great Persecution (303-311 AD): During the reign of Emperor Diocletian, Christians faced
   severe persecution. St. Cornelius courageously led the Christian community, ensuring the strength and
   resilience of the faith during this trying period.
5. The Edict of Milan (313 AD): Emperor Constantine’s Edict of Milan marked a monumental shift in
   Roman policy towards Christianity, granting religious tolerance and ending the persecution of Christians.
   This decree played a pivotal role in the establishment of Christianity as a recognized and eventually
   dominant religion in the empire.
6. The Founding of Constantinople (330 AD): Constantine the Great, who became the first Christian
   Roman Emperor, established Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) as the new capital of the Roman Empire. This
   shift in power significantly impacted the course of Christianity and the Roman Empire’s history.

Their patronage:

St. Cornelius is venerated as the patron saint of perseverance, leadership, and compassion. He is especially revered
among Catholics and Christians for his unwavering dedication to the faith during a time of immense adversity and
uncertainty. As a symbol of steadfastness in the face of persecution, St. Cornelius serves as an inspiration to
individuals navigating challenging circumstances in their lives, regardless of their religious affiliations. His
life and legacy continue to be celebrated, reminding us that faith and determination can shine brightly even in
the darkest of times.

Church Persecution

Emperor Decius, who ruled from 249 to 251 AD, was responsible for Christian persecution. Initially, it was just sporadic, but from January 250 on, he ordered all citizens to perform a religious sacrifice in the presence of commissioners; otherwise, they would face death. This resulted in the deaths of many Christians who had refused, and there were also others who took part in order to save their lives.

It was after this incident that there were two schools of thought with regard to those who had stopped practicing Christianity during those times of persecution.

During the times of church persecution, it was not possible to elect a successor, and the papal seat was vacant for a year. During these times, the church was under the leadership of various priests, including Novatian. When Decius left Rome to fight the invading Goths, the church seized the opportunity, and they elected Cornelius as the new Pope in March 251.

Conflict in the Church

There were conflicts over how the repentant church members who used to practice pagan sacrifices to protect themselves during times of persecution could be readmitted to the church. St. Cornelius was for the idea that these repentant people should be restored to communion with the church after varying forms of penance.

This was, however, not what the Novationists (those led by Novatian, who was a priest in a Roman diocese) believed; they strongly believed that those who failed to maintain their confession should never be received again into communion with the church, even if they repented. The Novatians were also for the idea that idolatry was unpardonable and the church had no authority to forgive it, with only God having that authority.

Even after St. Cornelius was ordained as pope, those who supported Novatian did not acknowledge him, and they even consecrated Novatian as abbot. Both parties sent letters to other bishops seeking support and recognition. St. Cornelius had the support of many bishops, yet Novatian had the support of minority clergymen and laymen.

This disagreement resulted in a rift in the church, which became widespread as each side worked towards gathering support. Even though St. Cornelius held a synod of 60 bishops, which is an assembly of clergymen, and he managed to excommunicate the Novatian, the controversy regarding these lapsed members continued for years.

Church persecution resumed in 251 under Emperor Trebonianus Gallus, who was the successor to Decius. This unrest resulted in St. Cornelius being sent into exile in Centumcellae, Italy, and he died there in 253. There are accounts that state that he was beheaded on the 14th of September, even though initial reports stated that he died from the hardships of being exiled.

Legacy

St. Cornelius was venerated as one of the Four Holy Marshals in the Rhineland during the Middle Ages. His saint’s day is celebrated on September 16.

He is the patron of earache, epilepsy, fever, twitching, and also of cattle, domestic animals, earache sufferers, epileptics, and the town of Kornelimünster, Germany, where his head is enshrined.

5 Interesting Facts About St. Cornelius

1. There were at least 50 000 Christians in Rome during St. Cornelius’
   time as a pope.
2. St. Cornelius is not buried in the chapel of the popes but in a
   nearby catacomb.
3. The letters that Cornelius sent while he was in exile are all
   written in colloquial Latin.
4. His remains miraculously consented to the marriage of two lovers.
   after the bride’s father had said he would only allow them to get
   married if Pope Cornelius agreed.
5. There is a legend that there were pagan soldiers who were chasing
   him, and he turned them into stones.

Prayer to St. Cornelius

God our Father,in Saints Cornelius and Cyprian, you have given your people an inspiring example of dedication to the pastoral ministry and a constant witness to Christ in their suffering. May their prayers and faith give us courage to work for the unity of your church. Amen.

When they lived:

Sts. Perpetua and Felicity lived during the early years of the 3rd century AD, around 203-206 AD.

Where they lived:

They lived in Carthage, a prominent city in the Roman province of Africa (modern-day Tunisia), which was a thriving center of culture and commerce during that era.

Notable world events during the time of their life:

• The Severan Dynasty: During their lifetime, the Roman Empire was under the rule of the Severan dynasty. This period saw significant political and military developments, including the expansion of the Roman Empire’s eastern territories.
• Persecution of Christians: Sts. Perpetua and Felicity lived during a time when the Roman Empire sporadically persecuted Christians. The reasons for this persecution varied, but it marked a significant challenge for early Christians and is central to their story.
• Scientific Advancements: The 3rd century was a time of growth in various fields of knowledge. Galen, a famous physician, was active during this era and made substantial contributions to the field of medicine.
• Crisis of the Third Century: This period witnessed a series of crises in the Roman Empire, including economic instability, military conflicts, and political turmoil. It set the stage for the eventual division of the empire into the Eastern and Western Roman Empires.
• Emergence of New Philosophical Schools: In the intellectual sphere, philosophers like Plotinus were developing new schools of thought, such as Neoplatonism, which would have a lasting impact on Western philosophy.
• Cultural Flourishing: Despite the challenges, the 3rd century also witnessed the continuation of classical art, literature, and culture. The works of notable figures like Origen, a Christian theologian, and Tertullian, a prolific early Christian writer, added to the cultural landscape.

Their Patronage:

Sts. Perpetua and Felicity are revered as patron saints of a variety of causes, each with its unique and inspiring symbolism:

• Martyrs and Persecuted Christians: They are foremost patron saints of martyrs and persecuted Christians, symbolizing unwavering faith and courage in the face of adversity.
• Mothers and Pregnant Women: St. Felicity is especially invoked by expectant mothers, symbolizing the strength of motherhood and the protective care of God during pregnancy.
• Nursing Mothers: St. Perpetua is associated with nursing mothers, highlighting her role as a spiritual mother to her fellow Christians and her dedication to nurturing faith.
• Catechumens and Converts: They are also patrons of catechumens, those undergoing religious instruction, and converts to Christianity. Their story of conversion and martyrdom serves as an inspiration to those on their journey to faith.

The story of Sts. Perpetua and Felicity is a timeless tale of faith, resilience, and the triumph of the human spirit, set against the backdrop of a tumultuous period in history. Their patronage continues to inspire individuals facing various challenges and seeking spiritual guidance today.

Called by What They Are, Christians

There are no existing records about the birth and early lives of these holy and courageous women. However, tradition and some writings, especially the diary of no less than Perpetua herself, depict the exemplary lives of these two martyrs. Perpetua was a young, beautiful, and well-educated noblewoman from Carthage in North Africa. She was the mother of an infant son and a chronicler of the persecution of Christians by Emperor Septimus Severus. Perpetua’s mother was a Christian and her father a pagan.

In spite of the dangers of persecution and death, Perpetua, Felicity, a slave woman who was pregnant at the time, and three other companions, Revocatus, Secundulus, and Saturninus, refused to deny and renounce their Christian faith. Because of this, all of them were arrested and imprisoned. Before their arrest, Perpetua and Felicity had been studying the Scriptures and getting ready to be baptized. Inside the prison, they were baptized by their teacher, who was also arrested and imprisoned with them. Inspired by their steadfast faith, their prison warden was converted to it.

A few days before the games began, Felicity gave birth to a daughter. While waiting for the verdict, Perpetua wrote what would be called “The Diary of Perpetua” later on. The day before the games, Perpetua’s record of her trial and imprisonment ended. She wrote: “Of what was done in the games themselves, let him write who will.” An eyewitness finished this diary.

Joyful Christians, Glorious Martyrs

Perpetua and Felicity were sentenced to death as punishment for professing the name of Christ and refusing to renounce the Christian faith. Despite the impending death they were about to face, they remained serene in the face of their fate, filled with God’s peace in their hearts. Perpetua and Felicity were thrown into an arena of wild animals. However, they were not killed. In order to satisfy the bloodthirsty audience, the emperor Severus commanded that they be put to death by the sword. Let us read a portion of the revered From the story of the death of the holy martyrs of Carthage (from the Office of Readings, Memorial of Sts. Perpetua and Felicity):

“The day of the martyrs’ victory dawned. They marched from their cells into the amphitheater, as if into heaven, with cheerful looks and graceful bearing. If they trembled, it was for joy and not for fear.

Perpetua was the first to be thrown down, and she fell prostrate. She got up and, seeing that Felicity was prostrate, went over and reached out her hand to her and lifted her up. Both stood up together.

There, Perpetua was welcomed by a catechumen named Rusticus. Rousing herself as if from sleep (so deeply had she been in spiritual ecstasy), she began to look around. To everyone’s amazement, she said, “When are we going to be led to the beast?” When she heard that it had already happened, she did not at first believe it until she saw the marks of violence on her body and her clothing. Then she beckoned to her brother and the catechumen and addressed them in these words: ‘Stand firm in faith, love one another, and do not be tempted to do anything wrong because of our sufferings.’…

The people, however, had demanded that the martyrs be led to the middle of the amphitheater. They wanted to see the sword thrust into the bodies of the victims, so that their eyes might share in the slaughter. Without being asked, they went where the people wanted them to go, but first they kissed one another to complete their witness with the customary kiss of peace.

The others stood motionless and received the deathblow in silence, especially Saturus, who had gone up first and was first to die; he was helping Perpetua. But Perpetua, so that she might experience the pain more deeply, rejoiced over her broken body and guided the shaking hand of the inexperienced gladiator to her throat. Such a woman, one before whom the unclean spirit trembled, could perhaps not have been killed had she herself not willed it.

Bravest and happiest martyrs! You were called and chosen for the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ.”

Indeed, they gave profound witness to what they were—Christians—even until the last minute. Their birth into eternal life was in the year 203. Their feast day is March 7.

5 Interesting Facts About Sts. Perpetua and Felicity

• Sts. Perpetua and Felicity are the patron saints of mothers, expectant mothers, ranchers, and butchers.
• The names of Sts. Perpetua and Felicity are mentioned in the Roman Canon (Eucharistic Prayer I).
• The day before their deaths, Perpetua had a vision of a golden ladder reaching up to heaven, with various weapons on the side and a dragon below. Perpetua climbed the ladder and reached the top, where she saw a beautiful garden and a tall man milking sheep. The man welcomed her and gave her some of the curds from the milk.
• Sts. Perpetua and Felicity are venerated not just in the Roman Catholic Church but also in Eastern Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion, and the Lutheran Church.
• A magnificent basilica was later erected over the tomb of the martyrs in Carthage, where an ancient inscription bearing the names of Perpetua and Felicity has been found.

Prayer to Sts. Perpetua and Felicity

O God, at the urging of whose love the Martyrs Saints Perpetua and Felicity defied their persecutors and overcame the torment of death, grant, we ask, by their prayers, that we may ever grow in your love. Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever Amen.